제1장 서론 ················································································································· 1
1. 필요성 및 목적 ································································································· 1
1) 배경 및 필요성 ··························································································· 1
2) 목적 ············································································································ 4
2. 범위 및 방법 ···································································································· 7
1) 범위 ············································································································ 7
2) 방법 ············································································································ 8
제2장 철도 중심 도시들의 특징과 대중교통체계 ······················································· 9
1. 철도 중심 도시의 특징과 대상도시들 ······························································· 9
1) 철도 중심 도시의 특징 ··············································································· 9
2) 철도 중심 도시의 선정 ············································································· 12
2. 철도 중심 도시들의 대중교통체계 ·································································· 16
1) 철도 중심 도시들의 기본 개요 ································································· 16
2) 베를린 (Berlin) ························································································· 19
3) 비엔나 (Vienna) ······················································································· 24
4) 취리히 (Zürich) ························································································ 36
5) 스톡홀름 (Stockholm) ············································································· 44
제3장 철도 중심 도시의 전형 : 베를린 ··································································· 55
1. 베를린의 철도 역사(歷史) ··············································································· 55
1) 최초의 철도와 S-Bahn(대도시권 광역철도)의 태동 ································· 55
2) S-Bahn(대도시권 광역철도)의 성장, 위기 그리고 안정 ·························· 58
3) U-Bahn (시내교통권 지하철)의 탄생과 네트워크 성장 ··························· 59
4) 베를린 트램의 번영과 쇠퇴 ······································································ 61
2. 철도 중심 교통체계 ························································································ 62
1) 철도 교통체계의 중심 : 베를린중앙역 ······················································ 62
2) 대도시권 광역철도와 시내교통권 도시철도 ··············································· 69
3) 철도 중심의 대중교통권역과 교통체계 ······················································ 81
3. 비동력교통 (보행 및 자전거) ·········································································· 83
1) 베를린은 보행 및 자전거 친화 도시인가? ················································ 83
2) 보행 교통정책 ··························································································· 86
3) 자전거 인프라 및 활성화 정책 ································································· 89
제4장 베를린의 철도 중심의 발전전략 ···································································· 93
1. 베를린의 발전전략의 변천 ·········································································· 93
1) 다핵적 도심의 발전 ·················································································· 93
2) 통일 이후 분단 극복의 도시개발 ······························································ 96
3) 베를린 2030 전략 ·················································································· 103
2. 철도 재건을 통한 포츠담광장의 재개발 ······················································· 111
1) 포츠담광장의 재개발 ··············································································· 111
2) 철도교통 기반의 회복 : 포츠담광장역 개통 ··········································· 118
3. 철도 황무지의 재생 : 철도삼각지(Gleisdreieck) 공원 ································ 123
1) 옛 포츠담역 및 안할터역의 후면 철도부지 ············································ 123
2) 철도 황무지에서 탄생한 도심 공원 ························································ 124
4. 철도 중심 도시개발 : 베를린 유로파시티(Europacity) ································ 127
1) 유로파시티 개발부지의 역사 및 현황 ····················································· 128
2) 유로파시티(Europacity)의 마스터플랜과 개발전략 ································· 134
3) 토지이용과 대중교통의 통합 개발 ·························································· 141
제5장 결론 및 시사점 ···························································································· 147
1. 결론 ·············································································································· 147
1) 철도 중심 도시는 활력있고 삶의 질이 높다 ·········································· 147
2) 부산은 대중교통 도시인가? ···································································· 151
3) 철도 중심 도시를 향한 부산의 잠재적 요소들 ······································· 154
2. 베를린 경험의 시사점 : 중심과 시간 ··························································· 157
Abstract ················································································································ 160
참고문헌 ················································································································· 166
부록 ························································································································ 175
<표 Ⅱ-1> 서구 주요 도시들의 교통수단 분담률 ··························································· 11
<표 Ⅱ-2> 철도 중심 도시의 선정 ················································································· 13
<표 Ⅱ-3> 대상 도시들의 기본 현황 ············································································· 18
<표 Ⅱ-4> 베를린市 및 대도시권의 기본 현황 ······························································ 20
<표 Ⅱ-5> 베를린 대도시권 대중교통 현황 ··································································· 23
<표 Ⅱ-6> 비엔나市 및 대도시권의 기본 현황 ······························································ 24
<표 Ⅱ-7> 비엔나 대도시권 대중교통 현황 ··································································· 25
<표 Ⅱ-8> 비엔나市의 교통수단 분담률 ········································································· 26
<표 Ⅱ-9> 취리히市 및 대도시권의 기본 현황 ······························································ 37
<표 Ⅱ-10> 취리히 대도시권의 대중교통 현황 ······························································ 39
<표 Ⅱ-11> 취리히市의 교통수단 분담률 ······································································ 39
<표 Ⅱ-12> 스톡홀름市 및 대도시권의 기본 현황 ························································· 44
<표 Ⅱ-13> 스톡홀름 대도시권의 대중교통 현황 ··························································· 46
<표 Ⅱ-14> 스톡홀름市의 교통수단 분담률 ··································································· 46
<표 Ⅱ-15> 2018년 5~6월 일평균 자전거 이용자수 (자동측정기) ······························· 51
<표 Ⅲ-1> 베를린중앙역의 플랫폼 운영 현황 ································································ 64
<표 Ⅲ-2> 베를린중앙역의 장거리 및 지역간 열차 ······················································· 69
<표 Ⅲ-3> 베를린 대도시권의 서비스권역에 따른 철도 구분 ········································ 70
<표 Ⅲ-4> 베를린 S-Bahn 노선 현황 ·········································································· 72
<표 Ⅲ-5> 베를린 U-Bahn 노선 현황 ·········································································· 76
<표 Ⅲ-6> 베를린의 트램 노선 현황 ············································································· 78
<표 Ⅲ-7> 베를린의 대중교통체계 및 운영 ··································································· 83
<표 Ⅲ-8> 보행 및 자전거 친화적 도시 ········································································ 85
<표 Ⅲ-8> 보행 및 자전거 친화적 도시 ········································································ 86
<표 Ⅳ-1> 수도 베를린 개발(재생)계획의 주요 추진내용 ············································ 100
<표 Ⅳ-2> 중점전환지역에 대한 도시개발 7대 전략의 적용 ······································· 110
<표 Ⅳ-3> 포츠담광장 재개발의 연도별 개발 추진 내용 ············································· 115
<표 Ⅳ-4> 포츠담광장역의 철도운영 연대기 ································································ 119
<표 Ⅳ-5> 포츠담광장역의 정차 노선 ·········································································· 122
<표 Ⅳ-6> 유로파시티(Europacity) 개발부지 현황 및 여건 ········································ 132
<표 Ⅳ-7> 유로파시티 마스터플랜 수립 과정 ······························································ 135
<표 Ⅳ-8> 마스터플랜의 가이드라인 주요 내용 ··························································· 136
<표 Ⅳ-9> 유로파시티의 토지이용 ··············································································· 138
<표 Ⅴ-1> 베를린의 교통수단별 분담률 추이 ······························································ 148
<표 Ⅴ-2> 머서의 도시별 ‘삶의 질’ 순위와 철도 중심 도시 ······································· 150
<표 Ⅴ-3> 부산광역시 대중교통 분담률과 개인교통 분담률 추이 ······························· 152
<표 Ⅴ-4> 버스와 철도 이용객 비교: 철도 중심 도시 vs 부산 ·································· 158
<그림 Ⅱ-1> 대중교통 도시의 수단분담률 (대중교통 vs 승용차) ·································· 14
<그림 Ⅱ-2> 대중교통 도시의 수단분담률 (대중교통 vs 보행) ····································· 15
<그림 Ⅱ-3> 철도 중심 도시의 수단분담률 (대중교통 vs 자전거) ································ 16
<그림 Ⅱ-4> 대중교통 도시들과 철도 중심 도시들의 위치 ··········································· 17
<그림 Ⅱ-5> ⼤베를린법에 따른 면적 및 인구의 변화 ·················································· 20
<그림 Ⅱ-6> 베를린市 및 베를린 대도시권 ··································································· 21
<그림 Ⅱ-7> 베를린 대도시권 철도망 ············································································ 22
<그림 Ⅱ-8> 비엔나市 및 대도시권 ··············································································· 25
<그림 Ⅱ-9> 365유로 승차권(365-Euro-Ticket)의 이용자 수 ···································· 27
<그림 Ⅱ-10> 비엔나 대도시권 철도망 (S-Bahn) ························································ 28
<그림 Ⅱ-11> 비엔나 S-Bahn 및 U-Bahn 노선도 ····················································· 30
<그림 Ⅱ-12> 비엔나 트램망 ························································································· 31
<그림 Ⅱ-13> 비엔나 미테역(Wien Mitte)의 정차 노선 ·············································· 32
<그림 Ⅱ-14> 복합환승센터: 비엔나 미테역(Wien Mitte) ············································ 33
<그림 Ⅱ-15> 보행자 친화적 거리조성 (과거 vs 2019년) ··········································· 34
<그림 Ⅱ-16> 보행 전용구역: 마리아힐퍼 거리(Mariahilfer Straße) ··························· 34
<그림 Ⅱ-17> 청소년의 통학 교통수단 ·········································································· 35
<그림 Ⅱ-18> 취리히市 전경(중앙역과 취리히호수) ······················································· 37
<그림 Ⅱ-19> 취리히 대도시권 철도망 (S-Bahn) ························································ 40
<그림 Ⅱ-20> 취리히 트램망과 교차로 환승센터 ··························································· 41
<그림 Ⅱ-21> 취리히 벨레뷰(Bellevue) 환승센터 ························································· 42
<그림 Ⅱ-22> 보행자 전용구역 : 취리히 반호프街(Bahnhofstraße) ···························· 43
<그림 Ⅱ-23> 스톡홀름市 및 대도시권 ·········································································· 45
<그림 Ⅱ-24> 스톡홀름 대도시권 철도망 ······································································· 48
<그림 Ⅱ-25> 철도터널과 통합 환승역(광역철도 + 도시철도) ······································· 49
<그림 Ⅱ-26> 2017~2018년 월간 일평균 자전거 이용자수 ········································· 52
<그림 Ⅱ-27> 스톡홀름市의 자전거 이용자 자동측정기 ················································ 52
<그림 Ⅱ-28> 스톡홀름市의 자전거통행 자동측정기 설치 지점 ···································· 53
<그림 Ⅲ-1> 1885년 베를린 도심의 순환선(Ringbahn) ··············································· 56
<그림 Ⅲ-2> 분단 시절의 베를린 철도 (1980년 노선도) ·············································· 57
<그림 Ⅲ-3> 남북S-Bahn터널(1939년)과 S-Bahn 노선도(2020년) ···························· 59
<그림 Ⅲ-4> ‘고가-지하’ 혼합의 베를린의 최초 U-Bahn (1902) ······························· 60
<그림 Ⅲ-5> 베를린 U-Bahn과 트램의 서비스 권역 ···················································· 61
<그림 Ⅲ-6> 베를린중앙역의 구조단면도 ······································································· 64
<그림 Ⅲ-7> 철도 네트워크의 교차역 : 베를린중앙역 ··················································· 65
<그림 Ⅲ-8> 베를린중앙역 전경 (남쪽) ·········································································· 67
<그림 Ⅲ-9> 런던과 파리의 터미널역 ············································································ 68
<그림 Ⅲ-10> 베를린 S-Bahn 노선과 트렁크 구간 ····················································· 71
<그림 Ⅲ-11> 베를린 브란덴부르크 공항 위치 및 터미널 배치 ···································· 73
<그림 Ⅲ-12> 프랑크푸르트공항 및 뮌헨공항의 S-Bahn 기능 ····································· 74
<그림 Ⅲ-13> 베를린 브란덴부르크 국제공항의 철도 접근성 ········································ 75
<그림 Ⅲ-14> 베를린 브란덴부르크 국제공항의 철도역 및 철도노선 ···························· 75
<그림 Ⅲ-15> 역사적 장소들을 연결하는 U55 노선 ····················································· 77
<그림 Ⅲ-16> 베를린 동·서지역 간 철도체계의 차이 ···················································· 79
<그림 Ⅲ-17> 베를린의 트램 계획과 포츠담광장의 트램 복원 ······································ 80
<그림 Ⅲ-18> 철도 중심의 대중교통권역 구분 및 운영 ················································ 81
<그림 Ⅲ-19> 베를린 프리드리히街의 보행 산책로 실험(전·후 비교) ··························· 89
<그림 Ⅲ-20> 베를린의 주요 도로 및 철도역의 자전거 인프라 ···································· 90
<그림 Ⅲ-21> 베를린의 자전거 네트워크 현황과 장래 계획 ········································· 91
<그림 Ⅳ-1> 100m 이상 고층건물 분포와 베를린의 다핵적 도심 ································ 94
<그림 Ⅳ-2> 철도망 기반의 다핵적 도심 형성 ······························································ 95
<그림 Ⅳ-3> 수도 베를린 발전(재생)계획의 롤오버 ······················································· 98
<그림 Ⅳ-4> 수도 베를린 개발(재생)계획 부지 ······························································ 99
<그림 Ⅳ-5> 20년 발전계획의 추진사업 ······································································ 101
<그림 Ⅳ-6> 베를린중앙역 및 슈프레강 굴곡부의 건설 전·후 ···································· 102
<그림 Ⅳ-7> 시민이 만드는 발전전략의 수립 과정 ····················································· 103
<그림 Ⅳ-8> 베를린 2030 전략의 10개 중점전환지역 ··············································· 109
<그림 Ⅳ-9> 포츠담광장 (1930년) ·············································································· 112
<그림 Ⅳ-10> 포츠담광장의 격동의 역사 ···································································· 113
<그림 Ⅳ-11> 포츠담광장 일원의 과거와 현재 비교 ··················································· 114
<그림 Ⅳ-12> 포츠담광장의 재개발 모습 ···································································· 117
<그림 Ⅳ-13> 라이프치히광장의 재개발 모습 ······························································ 118
<그림 Ⅳ-14> 포츠담광장과 철도교통 ·········································································· 120
<그림 Ⅳ-15> 지하 포츠담광장역의 철도 노선 ···························································· 121
<그림 Ⅳ-16> 포츠담역과 안할터역의 후면 철도부지(1930년대) ································ 123
<그림 Ⅳ-17> 철도 황무지에서 탄생한 철도삼각지 공원 ············································ 125
<그림 Ⅳ-18> 철도삼각지 공원의 흥미로운 설치물들 ·················································· 127
<그림 Ⅳ-19> 옛 레흐터역 일원의 철도부지 (1875년 및 1928년) ···························· 129
<그림 Ⅳ-20> 베를린중앙역 및 Europacity 개발부지 (2006년) ································ 130
<그림 Ⅳ-21> 유로파시티의 개발부지 ·········································································· 131
.<그림 Ⅳ-22> 개발 중인 베를린 유로파시티 ······························································· 133
<그림 Ⅳ-23> 특성 및 활용 목적에 의한 구역 세분 ··················································· 137
<그림 Ⅳ-24> 유로파시티의 개발 상황 (2020년 vs 2014년 비교) ··························· 139
<그림 Ⅳ-25> 유로파시티의 개발 조감도 ···································································· 140
<그림 Ⅳ-26> 유로파시티의 철도교통 접근성 ······························································ 142
<그림 Ⅳ-27> 유로파시티의 대중교통 접근 계획 ························································ 144
<그림 Ⅴ-1> 부산의 버스(시내·마을) 분담률과 철도 분담률 추이 ······························· 152
