제1장 서론 ················································································································· 1
제2장 연구 방법 ········································································································· 5
1. 연구 대상 ········································································································· 5
2. 관측 위성 영상 특징 ························································································ 6
1) Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS ·············································································· 6
2) Sentinel 2A/2B MSI ··············································································· 8
3) Kompsat 3/3A ······················································································· 11
3. 연구 방법 ······································································································· 13
1) 지표면 온도 ···························································································· 13
2) 정규습윤지수 ····························································································· 17
3) 정규식생지수 ····························································································· 19
4) 딥러닝(Deep Learning) 기반 식생 분류 ················································· 23
제3장 연구결과 ········································································································ 27
1. Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS 영상 기반 부산 지역의 지표면 온도
모니터링의 정확도와 적용 가능성 검증 ························································· 27
1) L2SP LST 및 L1TP LST 산출 ······························································· 27
2) L2SP 자료 한계점 ··················································································· 28
3) AWS 관측소 자료와 3x3 LST 영역 평균값 비교 ································· 30
2. Sentinel 2A/2B 영상 기반 정규습윤지수 산출을 통한 도시 내 건조 및
습윤 정도 모니터링 ························································································ 31
1) NDMI 산출 ······························································································ 31
2) NDMI 모니터링 결과 ··············································································· 31
3) 시가지 지역의 NDMI 시계열 분석 ·························································· 36
4) 국소 영역 모니터링 ················································································ 37
3. Kompsat 3/3A 위성 영상 기반 부산 지역의 정규식생지수 모니터링 ········· 39
1) 기하보정 ···································································································· 39
2) 대기보정 ···································································································· 41
3) NDVI 산출 ······························································································· 42
4) Sentinel 2A와 Kompsat 3/3A NDVI 비교 검증 ································· 45
4. 딥러닝 기반 식생 분류 ··················································································· 46
1) 분할 훈련 결과 ························································································· 46
제4장 결론 ··············································································································· 51
1. 결론 ················································································································ 51
2. 한계 및 개선 방법 ························································································· 53
참고문헌 ··················································································································· 55
<표 2-1> Landsat 8 Collection 1 Level 1 밴드 파장대 및 공간 해상도 ·················· 7
<표 2-2> Landsat 8 Collection 2 Level 2 밴드 목록 ··············································· 7
<표 2-3> Sentinel 2A/2B 밴드 파장대 및 공간 해상도 ············································· 10
<표 2-4> Kompsat 3/3A Satellite Sensor Specification ······································· 11
<표 2-5> Kompsat 3/3A Product Specification ····················································· 12
<표 2-6> 부산광역시 방재기상관측소(AWS) 목록 및 관측 시간 ·································· 15
<표 2-7> NDMI 범위에 따른 해석 ··············································································· 17
<표 3-1> AWS 관측소별 2020년 L2SP LST RMSE와 상관계수 ······························ 30
<표 3-2> AWS 관측소별 2020년 L1TP LST RMSE와 상관계수 ······························ 30
<표 3-3> 토지 피복 종류에 따른 IoU 결과 ·································································· 47
<그림 1-1> 환경부 제공 세분류 피복도(좌), 동일 지역 항공 사진 (우) 비교 ················· 3
<그림 2-1> 연구 지역 (부산광역시) ················································································ 5
<그림 2-2> Sentinel Hub으로 처리한 부산 영역 NDMI 예시 ······································ 9
<그림 2-3> 부산 지역 AWS 기온데이터 IDW 보간 예시 ··········································· 16
<그림 2-4> Sentinel 2A/2B RGB 영상과 구름 품질 영상 예시 ······························· 18
<그림 2-5> 부산 영역에 대해 영상 병합 예시 ······························································ 19
<그림 2-6> NDVI 산출 처리 과정 ················································································ 20
<그림 2-7> TPS를 이용한 영상변환 개념 ····································································· 21
<그림 2-8> Kompsat 3/3A 처리 흐름도 ···································································· 22
<그림 2-9> 50 cm 해상도 (좌), 25 cm 해상도 (우) 영상 비교 ································ 24
<그림 2-10> DeepLabV3+ 네트워크의 Astrous Convolution 원리 설명 ················· 24
<그림 2-11> 항공 사진 (좌), 동일 지역 라벨링 사진 (우) 예시 ·································· 25
<그림 3-1> L2SP LST와 L1TP LST 간 상관계수 및 RMSE ····································· 28
<그림 3-2> L2SP LST 영상 (a-d) 및 L1TP LST 영상 (e-h) ·································· 28
<그림 3-3> (a) L2SP LST NODATA 영역, (b) L1TP LST ······································ 29
<그림 3-4> 2017년 NDMI 영상 ·················································································· 32
<그림 3-5> 2018년 NDMI 영상 ·················································································· 33
<그림 3-6> 2019년 NDMI 영상 ·················································································· 34
<그림 3-7> 2020년 NDMI 영상 ·················································································· 35
<그림 3-8> 부산 시가지에 대한 연도별 NDMI 경향 ···················································· 36
<그림 3-9> 부산진구 부산시민공원 주변 NDMI 영상 일부 ·········································· 37
<그림 3-10> 강서구 논/밭 주변 NDMI 영상 일부 ······················································ 38
<그림 3-11> 해운대구 장산역 NDMI 영상 일부 ·························································· 38
<그림 3-12> 기하보정 처리 전후 비교 ········································································· 40
<그림 3-13> Kompsat 3A NDVI ················································································ 43
<그림 3-14> Kompsat 3 NDVI ·················································································· 44
<그림 3-15> Sentinel 2A & Kompsat 3/3A NDVI 산점도 ····································· 45
<그림 3-16> 부산 전역 분할 결과 ·············································································· 46
<그림 3-17> 항공 사진(상), 분류 결과 (하) 예시-1 ····················································· 48
<그림 3-18> 항공 사진(상), 분류 결과 (하) 예시-2 ····················································· 49
<그림 3-19> 항공 사진(상), 분류 결과 (하) 예시-3 ····················································· 50
