제1장 서론 ················································································································· 1
1. 연구 배경 및 목적 ··························································································· 1
2. 연구범위 및 방법 ····························································································· 2
1) 연구범위 ······································································································ 2
2) 연구방법 및 진행과정 ················································································· 2
3. 연구내용 ··········································································································· 3
제2장 탄소중립과 산업부문의 위기 및 기회 ······························································ 4
1. 글로벌 및 산업 부문 탄소중립 전망 ································································ 4
1) 글로벌 탄소중립 추세 ················································································· 4
2) 산업 부문 탄소중립 전망 및 방안 ······························································ 6
2. 탄소중립을 위한 기술혁신 및 정책 ·································································· 7
1) 국내 산업부문 움직임 ················································································· 7
2) 중앙정부의 탄소중립 R&D 투자 방향 ························································ 9
3) 중앙정부 주요 정책 및 계획 ···································································· 11
3. 산업부문 위기와 기회요인 ·············································································· 12
1) 탄소국경조정(Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, CBAM) ····· 12
2) 탄소세(Carbon Tax) ················································································ 15
3) 국내 배출권거래제 ···················································································· 16
4) RE100 이행과 파급 ················································································· 18
5) ESG 이행 촉구 ························································································ 20
4. 시사점 ············································································································ 23
제3장 부산지역 주요산업의 탄소배출요인 분석 ······················································· 24
1. 분석 목적 ······································································································· 24
2. 데이터 ············································································································ 24
1) 부산 제조업 현황 ······················································································ 26
3. 분석 방법 ······································································································· 32
4. 부산 제조업 분석 결과 ··················································································· 35
1) 연료전환 효과 ··························································································· 35
2) 화석연료비중 효과 ···················································································· 36
3) 에너지집약도 효과 ···················································································· 37
4) 경제활동 효과 ··························································································· 37
5) 고용 효과 ·································································································· 38
5. 시사점 ············································································································ 41
제4장 부산지역 주요산업 부문 탄소배출 감축 인식 조사 ······································· 43
1. 제조업체 설문 ································································································· 43
1) 조사개요 ···································································································· 43
2) 제조업체 설문 결과 ·················································································· 45
3) 제조업 설문 결과 종합 ············································································· 57
4) 시사점 ······································································································· 58
2. 전문가 설문 ···································································································· 59
1) 조사개요 ···································································································· 59
2) 전문가 설문 결과 ······················································································ 60
3) 전문가 설문 결과 종합 ············································································· 65
4) 시사점 ······································································································· 65
3. 제조업 및 전문가 설문 조사 결과 비교 ························································· 66
제5장 부산지역 제조업 탄소배출감축을 위한 정책지원 방안 ··································· 67
1. 업종별 배출감축 및 에너지 효율 향상 ··························································· 68
1) 업종별 방안 ······························································································ 68
2. 기업의 RE100 달성 지원 ·············································································· 71
1) 청정전력 구입 ··························································································· 71
2) 청정전력 자가발전 ·················································································· 74
3. 생태산업단지 조성 촉진 ················································································· 83
1) 자원 및 에너지 효율향상 ·········································································· 86
2) 에너지 관리 시스템 적용 ·········································································· 87
3) CO2 포집 실증 추진전략 ·········································································· 89
4) 향후 생태산업단지 운영 고려사항 ···························································· 92
4. 교육 및 컨설팅 지원(ESG 이행) ···································································· 92
1) 탄소감축 교육 및 컨설팅 ·········································································· 92
2) 제조업체 효율 목표 설정(EP100 이행) ···················································· 93
5. 산업부문 자금 지원 및 운영 방안 ································································· 96
1) 국가 정책 활용 ························································································· 96
2) 부산시 시책 수립 및 활용 ········································································ 98
6. 부산형 기후대응기금 조성 및 운영(안) ·························································· 99
제6장 결론 및 정책 제언 ······················································································ 101
1. 결론 ·············································································································· 101
2. 정책제언 ······································································································· 102
1) 기술 방안 ······························································································· 102
2) 운영 방안 ······························································································· 102
3) 정책 방안 ······························································································· 103
Abstract ················································································································ 104
참고문헌 ················································································································· 106
부록 ························································································································ 110
<표 2-1> 주요 선진국 2050 감축목표 및 내용 ······························································ 5
<표 2-2> 에너지 부문 탄소중립 방향 ·············································································· 9
<표 2-3> 부처별 탄소중립 R&D 분야 ·········································································· 10
<표 2-4> 산업 부문의 탄소감축을 위한 정부 정책 및 계획 ········································· 11
<표 2-5> 온실가스 배출권거래제 ··················································································· 17
<표 3-1> 제조업 업종별 분류 ······················································································· 25
<표 3-2> 2018년 제조업 부가가치 금액 및 비율 순위 ················································ 26
<표 3-3> 2019년 전국·부산 산업별 총생산량 순위 ····················································· 27
<표 3-4> 부산 제조업 업종별 GRDP ··········································································· 28
<표 3-5> 부산 제조업 업종별 사업체 수 ······································································ 29
<표 3-6> 부산 제조업 업종별 종사자 수 ······································································ 30
<표 3-7> 제조업 업종별 CO2 배출량 ··········································································· 31
<표 3-8> LMDI의 승법 및 가법 분해 방식 ·································································· 33
<표 3-9> LMDI 효과와 의미 ························································································ 34
<표 3-10> 탄소배출 기여도 제조업 업종 순위 ····························································· 41
<표 4-1> 제조업체 설문 조사 설계 ··············································································· 43
<표 4-2> 제조업체 설문 조사 내용 ··············································································· 44
<표 4-3> 응답업체 특성 ································································································ 45
<표 4-4> 탄소감축이행의 필요성이 제조업체 경영환경에 영향을 미치는 시기 ············· 46
<표 4-5> 탄소감축이행을 위한 기업경영의 대응수준 ···················································· 47
<표 4-6> 상위 협력업체로부터 탄소배출 관련 조치 여부 ············································· 48
<표 4-7> 에너지 가격 상승률 수용 관련 설문 결과 통계 ············································ 56
<표 4-8> 전문가 설문 조사 설계 ·················································································· 59
<표 5-1> 저탄소 철강생산 기술 CO2 배출 특성 ························································ 69
<표 5-2> 산업 공정용 저GWP 및 자연냉매 대안 ························································ 71
<표 5-3> 국내외 RE100 개념 비교 ············································································· 72
<표 5-4> RE100 이행을 위한 청정 전력 조달 방법 ···················································· 72
<표 5-5> 폐기물 처리 공정과정 ···················································································· 78
<표 5-6> 원료 대체재 방안 ··························································································· 80
<표 5-7> 연료전지 장점 및 부산지역 설치현황 ···························································· 82
<표 5-8> 생태산업단지 조성 효과 ················································································· 85
<표 5-9> 연소 후 CO2 포집 기술 방식 ······································································· 89
<표 5-10> EP100 이행 방안 ························································································ 94
<표 5-11> EP100 달성 판단 지표 ··············································································· 95
<표 5-12> 제조업의 ‘에너지 생산성 2배 증가 방안’ 참여 글로벌 기업 현황(2020년) ··· 96
<표 5-13> 기후대응기금 운용 및 조직 신설 방안(미정) ··············································· 97
<표 5-14> 2021년 에너지이용합리화자금 지원규모 ····················································· 97
<표 5-15> 산업의 탄소감축을 위한 부산시 조례 ·························································· 98
<그림 2-1> 글로벌 산업부문 탄소중립 에너지 소비 전망 ··············································· 6
<그림 2-2> 중공업 부문 2050 탄소중립 방안 ································································ 7
<그림 2-3> 국내 민·관의 탄소중립 움직임 ····································································· 8
<그림 2-4> 탄소중립 10대 핵심기술 ············································································ 10
<그림 2-5> EU 탄소국경조정세 개요 ············································································ 12
<그림 2-6> 기후위기대응기금 운영 방안 ······································································· 16
<그림 2-7> 배출권거래 가격 변동 현황 ········································································ 17
<그림 2-8> 기업의 RE100 참여 요인 중요도 ······························································ 19
<그림 2-9> ESG의 하부항목 ························································································· 20
<그림 2-10> 기업의 경영에 따른 이해관계 비교 ·························································· 21
<그림 2-11> ESG 중요도 관련 설문 결과 ··································································· 21
<그림 2-12> 2021년도 ESG채권 발행기업 ································································ 22
<그림 3-1> 부산 제조업 에너지 소비량 비중 ······························································· 31
<그림 3-2> 부산 제조 7개 업종 탄소집약도 ································································· 35
<그림 3-3> 연료전환 효과 ····························································································· 36
<그림 3-4> 화석연료비중 효과 ···················································································· 36
<그림 3-5> 에너지집약도 효과 ···················································································· 37
<그림 3-6> 경제활동 효과 ····························································································· 38
<그림 3-7> 고용 효과 ··································································································· 38
<그림 3-8> 2030 부산 제조업 CO2 BAU배출량 전망 ·············································· 40
<그림 4-1> 탄소감축이행을 위한 준비·대응에 대한 장애 요인(제조업체 평가) ············ 49
<그림 4-2> 탄소감축이행 준비·대응하기 위한 작용요인 중요도 ··································· 50
<그림 4-3> 탄소배출 감축 조치를 통한 성과(복수응답) ················································ 50
<그림 4-4> 기업체의 부산시에 바라는 희망 지원 사항(복수응답) ································ 51
<그림 4-5> 탄소감축 제도 관련 이해도 ········································································ 52
<그림 4-6> 에너지 가격 체감도(좌)와 탄소감축을 위한 매출액 대비 투자액(우) ········· 52
<그림 4-7> AHP 설문지 우선순위 평가항목 구성 ························································ 53
<그림 4-8> 제조업체 AHP 설문 평가항목(1단계) 가중치 ············································· 54
<그림 4-9> 제조업체 AHP 설문 평가항목(2단계) 가중치 ············································· 54
<그림 4-10> 에너지 가격 상승률 수용도(제조업 응답) ················································· 55
<그림 4-11> 제조업체의 에너지비용 상승률 수용도 ····················································· 57
<그림 4-12> 산업부문 탄소감축 기술 중요도 및 성숙도 ·············································· 60
<그림 4-13> 탄소감축이행을 위한 준비·대응에 대한 장애 요인(전문가 평가) ············· 61
<그림 4-14> 에너지 가격 상승률 수용도(제조업·전문가 응답) ····································· 62
<그림 4-15> 전문가 AHP 설문지 우선순위 평가항목 구성 ·········································· 63
<그림 4-16> 전문가 AHP 설문 평가항목(1단계) 가중치 ·············································· 63
<그림 4-17> 전문가 AHP 설문 평가항목(2단계) 가중치 ·············································· 64
<그림 5-1> 부산 제조업 부문 탄소배출감축 지원방안 정리 ········································· 67
<그림 5-2> 수소환원제철공법 ························································································ 68
<그림 5-3> 석유화학 감축기술 적용 감축량(2015~2017년) ········································· 70
<그림 5-4> 글로벌 120개 산업단지의 재생에너지 사용 분포 ······································ 74
<그림 5-5> 부산 태양광 에너지 잠재량 분포 ······························································· 75
<그림 5-6> 부산지역 풍력 에너지 잠재량 분포 ···························································· 77
<그림 5-7> 문무바람 프로젝트 ······················································································ 77
<그림 5-8> 바이오매스 및 폐기물의 연료 에너지 공정 ················································ 79
<그림 5-9> 수소 생산 방안 ··························································································· 82
<그림 5-10> 생태산업단지와 도시 간 연계 도식 ·························································· 83
<그림 5-11> 생태산업단지의 환경적 요건 ····································································· 84
<그림 5-12> 생태산업단지 사례에서 나타난 성공요인 ·················································· 85
<그림 5-13> 자원순환 개념도 ······················································································· 86
<그림 5-14> 생태산업단지 사례에서 다뤄지는 항목 ····················································· 87
<그림 5-15> 산업단지 신재생에너지 연계 에너지관리시스템 ········································ 88
<그림 5-16> 산업부문 탄소배출감축 교육 프로그램(안) ················································ 93
<그림 5-17> EP100 참가기업의 참가동기 ··································································· 94
<그림 5-18> 부산형 기후대응기금 조성 및 운영(안) ·················································· 100
