제1장 서론 ················································································································· 1
1. 연구의 배경 및 목적 ························································································ 1
1) 연구 배경 ···································································································· 1
2) 연구 목적 ···································································································· 3
2. 연구 방법 ········································································································· 3
1) 그린인프라 추출 ·························································································· 3
2) 지표면 온도의 산출 ···················································································· 4
3) 지표면 온도와 실제 지면온도와의 비교 ······················································ 6
4) 그린인프라율과 평균지표온도와의 비교 ······················································ 7
5) 2010년 지표면 온도 보정 ········································································ 10
6) 도시생태유형 구분 ·················································································· 11
7) 기후변화 취약성 평가 ··············································································· 12
제2장 기후변화와 그린인프라 ·················································································· 14
1. 기후변화 실태 및 전망 ··················································································· 14
1) 지구단위의 기후 온난화 ············································································ 14
2) 우리나라 기후온난화 ················································································· 19
3) 부산의 기후온난화 ···················································································· 25
2. 기후변화 영향 및 취약성 ··············································································· 26
1) 기후변화 영향 ··························································································· 26
2) 도시에서 기후변화로 인한 영향 ································································ 29
3) 부산의 기후변화 취약성 ············································································ 31
3. 그린인프라 정의 및 분류 ··············································································· 37
1) 그린인프라의 정의 ·················································································· 37
2) 그린인프라의 기능 및 종류 ······································································ 38
제3장 부산의 그린인프라 공간분석 및 기후특성 ····················································· 43
1. 그린인프라 분포 및 기후특성 ········································································· 43
1) 부산광역시의 그린인프라 분포 및 기후특성 ············································· 43
2) 비오톱 유형별 그린인프라 분포 특성 및 기온 특성 ································ 45
3) 용도지역 유형별 특성 ··············································································· 49
2. 구군별 그린인프라 분포 및 기후특성 ····························································· 51
1) 중구 ·········································································································· 51
2) 서구 ·········································································································· 54
3) 동구 ·········································································································· 57
4) 영도구 ······································································································· 60
5) 부산진구 ···································································································· 63
6) 동래구 ······································································································· 66
7) 남구 ·········································································································· 69
8) 북구 ·········································································································· 72
9) 해운대구 ···································································································· 75
10) 사하구 ····································································································· 78
11) 금정구 ····································································································· 81
12) 강서구 ····································································································· 84
13) 연제구 ····································································································· 87
14) 수영구 ····································································································· 90
15) 사상구 ····································································································· 93
16) 기장군 ····································································································· 96
3. 시가화지역 내 그린인프라 우수 및 취약지역 ················································· 99
1) 시가화 지역내 그린인프라 우수지역 ························································· 99
2) 시가화 지역내 그린인프라 취약지역 ······················································· 102
제4장 그린인프라의 기후변화 저감효과 ································································· 106
1. 그린인프라와 지표면 온도 ············································································ 106
1) 그린인프라율과 지표면 온도와의 관계 ··················································· 106
2) 녹지관련 그린인프라와 습지관련 그린인프라의 비교 ····························· 108
2. 그린인프라의 기후변화 저감 효과 ································································ 110
1) 평균지표온도와 기상관측온도와의 관계 ·················································· 110
2) 2010년경과 2019년경의 평균 지표면 온도의 비교 ······························ 112
3. 그린인프라 _ 물순환 ···················································································· 130
제5장 기후변화 적응성 강화 방안 ········································································· 135
1. 그린인프라 취약지구 선정 및 개선 사업 ····················································· 135
2. 공업지역의 열섬현상 완화 ············································································ 142
3. 그린인프라 네트워크 체계의 도입 ································································ 144
Abstract ················································································································ 147
참고문헌 ················································································································· 149
<표 1-1> 2009년~2010년의 방재기상관측(AWS) 자료와 위성영상의 지표면 온도자료 비교 ·· 6
<표 1-2> 2019년~2020년의 방재기상관측(AWS) 자료와 위성영상의 지표면 온도자료 비교 ·· 7
<표 1-3> 부산광역시에서 2010년경과 2019년경의 그린인프라율과 평균 지표면 온도 비교 ·· 10
<표 1-4> 도시생태현황도의 좌표계 ··············································································· 12
<표 1-5> 그린인프라 구축 실태 분석에 활용된 도시생태현황도의 유형 분류 ·············· 12
<표 1-6> 기후변화 취약성 평가 프로그램(VESTAP)의 기후노출, 민감도, 적능력 별 가중치 ·· 13
<표 2-1> 고온 기후현상과 관련한 부산광역시 각구군의 취약성 평가점수 ··················· 33
<표 2-2> 물환경과 관련한 부산광역시 각구군의 취약성 평가점수 ······························· 35
<표 2-3> 해수면 상승과 관련한 부산광역시 각구군의 취약성 평가점수 ······················· 36
<표 3-1> 부산광역시 도시생태현황도 면적 및 비율 ····················································· 47
<표 3-2> 부산광역시 도시생태현황유형별 그린인프라 분포 및 지표면 기온 현황 ······· 48
<표 3-3> 부산광역시 용도지역별 그린인프라 분포 및 지표면 기온 현황 ····················· 49
<표 3-4> 중구 용도지역별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ············································· 51
<표 3-5> 중구 도시생태현황별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ······································ 52
<표 3-6> 서구 용도지역별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ············································· 54
<표 3-7> 서구 도시생태현황별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ······································ 55
<표 3-8> 동구 용도지역별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ············································· 57
<표 3-9> 동구 도시생태현황별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ······································ 58
<표 3-10> 영도구구 용도지역별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ···································· 60
<표 3-11> 영도구 도시생태현황별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ································· 61
<표 3-12> 부산진구 용도지역별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ···································· 63
<표 3-13> 부산진구 도시생태현황별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ····························· 64
<표 3-14> 동래구 용도지역별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ······································· 66
<표 3-15> 동래구 도시생태현황별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ································· 67
<표 3-16> 남구 용도지역별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ··········································· 69
<표 3-17> 남구 도시생태현황별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ···································· 70
<표 3-18> 북구 용도지역별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ··········································· 72
<표 3-19> 북구 도시생태현황별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ···································· 73
<표 3-20> 해운대구 용도지역별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ···································· 75
<표 3-21> 해운대구 도시생태현황별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ····························· 76
<표 3-22> 사하구 용도지역별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ······································· 78
<표 3-23> 사하구 도시생태현황별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ································· 79
<표 3-24> 금정구 용도지역별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ······································· 81
<표 3-25> 금정구 도시생태현황별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ································· 82
<표 3-26> 강서구 용도지역별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ······································· 84
<표 3-27> 강서구 도시생태현황별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ································· 85
<표 3-28> 연제구 용도지역별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ······································· 87
<표 3-29> 연제구 도시생태현황별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ································· 88
<표 3-30> 수영구 용도지역별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ······································· 90
<표 3-31> 수영구 도시생태현황별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ································· 91
<표 3-32> 사상구 용도지역별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ······································· 93
<표 3-33> 사상구 도시생태현황별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ································· 94
<표 3-34> 기장군 용도지역별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ······································· 96
<표 3-35> 기장군 도시생태현황별 그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ································· 97
<표 4-1> 그린인프라율과 평균 지표온도간의 단순회귀분석 결과 ······························· 108
<표 4-2> 녹지관련 그린인프라 우세지역과 습지관련 그린인프라 우세지역 간의 평균
지표면 온도 비교 ························································································· 110
<표 4-3> 2010년경과 2019년경의 지상관측 기온, 지표면 온도 비교 ······················ 111
<표 4-4> 토지이용 변화(변화없음)에 따른 평균 지표면 온도 비교 ···························· 112
<표 4-5> 토지이용 변화(산지가 시가화된 지역)에 따른 평균 지표면 온도 비교 ········ 116
<표 4-6> 토지이용 변화(농지가 시가화된 지역)에 따른 평균 지표면 온도 비교 ········ 118
<표 4-7> 토지이용 변화(공지에서 시가화된 지역)에 따른 평균 지표면 온도 비교 ···· 121
<표 4-8> 토지이용 변화(산지 및 농지에서 공사현장으로)에 따른 평균 지표면 온도 비교 ·· 121
<표 4-9> 토지이용 변화(시가화된 지역에서 공사현장)에 따른 평균 지표면 온도 비교 ·· 124
<표 4-10> 식물생장에 따른 평균 지표면 온도 비교 ··················································· 124
<표 4-11> 그린인프라(반자연 토지형) 조성에 따른 평균 지표면 온도 비교 ·············· 126
<표 4-12> 그린인프라(반자연 시설형) 조성에 따른 평균 지표면 온도 비교 ·············· 128
<표 4-13> 온천천유역 면적, 하천연장, 시가화지역 면적 및 불투수면적비 ················ 130
<표 4-14> 불투수층 저감율에 따른 소유역별 불투수면적 및 비율 ····························· 132
<표 5-1> 그린인프라 취약지역이 분포하는 동래구 및 연제구 지역 용도지역별
그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ······································································ 137
<표 5-2> 그린인프라 취약지역이 분포하는 서면-부산역 지역 용도지역별
그린인프라 현황 및 평균온도 ······································································ 137
<표 5-3> 취약지역 유형별 도입가능한 그린인프라 조성 기법 ···································· 139
<표 5-4> 저영향개발 기법의 명칭 및 기능과 구조 ····················································· 140
<그림 1-1> 부산광역시 항공사진 2010년(좌), 2019년(우) ············································· 3
<그림 1-2> 딥러닝 기술을 활용한 녹지 추출 사례, 2048×1024 사이즈의 항공사진(좌),
작성된 정답지(중), 딥러닝을 통해 추출된 녹지(우) ······································ 4
<그림 1-3> 부산광역시 Lnadsat-5 영상 2010년(좌), Lnadsat-8 영상 2019년(우) ···· 5
<그림 1-4> 수영강과 온천천 일대를 사례지로 한 100m×100m의 격자와 그린인프라(상),
격자별 그린인프라율(하), ············································································· 8
<그림 1-5> 수영강과 온천천 일대를 사례지로 한 100m×100m의 격자와 평균지표온도
분포(상), 격자별 평균 지표온도 분포(하) ····················································· 9
<그림 1-6> 부산광역시 도시생태현황도 중 토지이용현황도(좌상), 토지피복현황도(우상),
식생도(좌하), 비오톱유형도(우하) ······························································· 11
<그림 2-1> 1850년에서 2020년까지의 지구 평균 표면온도의 변화 ···························· 15
<그림 2-2> 전지구 평균온도의 변화(1~1849:고기후 연구의 추정치, 1850~2020: 측정값) ·· 15
<그림 2-3> 1850~1900년 대비 2020년의 총 기온 변화량과 연간 변이의 분포도 ····· 16
<그림 2-4> 산업화 이전 대비 지역별 지구온난화 분포 ················································ 16
<그림 2-5> 1850년에서 2020년까지의 관찰된 지구평균기온, 육상의 평균기온,
연 최고기온 값, 연최저기온 값의 변화 ······················································ 17
<그림 2-6> 1850~1900년 대비 2000~2100년의 연도별 시나리오별 지구 평균기온
변화 예측 ································································································· 18
<그림 2-7> 현재 및 미래 각 기간별 전지구의 기온극한지수(온난일/온난야)의 변화 예측 ·· 19
<그림 2-8> 연평균 최고, 평균, 최저기온의 변화(1912~2020년) ································· 20
<그림 2-9> 우리나라의 월평균 기온의 변화(1912~2020) ············································ 21
<그림 2-10> 우리나라의 폭염일 수(위)와 열대야일 수(아래)의 변화(1912~2020) ······ 22
<그림 2-11> 우리나라의 온난일 수(위)와 온난야 수(아래)의 변화(1912~2020) ·········· 23
<그림 2-12> 현재(1995~2014년)의 한반도 연평균기온 대비 2000~2100년의 연도별
시나리오별 한반도 평균기온 변화 예측 ················································· 24
<그림 2-13> 현재 및 미래 각 기간별 한반도의 기온극한지수(온난일/온난야)의 변화 예측 · 25
<그림 2-14> 부산의 1905~1940년과 비교한 연평균 기온차 ······································· 25
<그림 2-15> 부산의 월평균기온 분포 ··········································································· 26
<그림 2-16> 기후변화에서 기인한 광범위한 영향 ························································· 27
<그림 2-17> 기후변화에 따른 10년과 50년 빈도의 고온 극한 현상 발생량 예측 ······ 28
<그림 2-18> 지구의 평균기온 상승에 따른 기후 시스템의 반응 ·································· 29
<그림 2-19> 도시지역에서 주변의 기온을 높이고 낮추는 다양한 효과 ························ 30
<그림 2-20> 고온 기후현상과 관련한 부산광역시 각구군의 취약성 평가결과 분포 ····· 32
<그림 2-21> 물환경 체계와 관련한 부산광역시 각구군의 취약성 평가결과 분포 ········· 34
<그림 2-22> 해수면 상승과 관련한 부산광역시 각구군의 취약성 평가결과 분포 ········· 36
<그림 2-23> 그린인프라의 기능 ···················································································· 39
<그림 2-24> 그린인프라의 잠재적인 요소들 ································································· 40
<그림 3-1> 부산광역시의 녹지관련 그린인프라 및 습지관련 그린인프라 분포 ············· 44
<그림 3-2> 부산광역시 지표면 온도 분포도(2019년경) ················································ 45
<그림 3-3> 부산광역시의 비오톱유형별 분포 ································································ 46
<그림 3-4> 부산광역시 용도지역현황도(2020) ······························································ 50
<그림 3-5> 부산광역시 중구의 그린인프라 비율별 면적과 평균 지표면 온도 ·············· 52
<그림 3-6> 중구 용도지역현황도(좌상), 비오톱현황도(우상), 녹지현황도(좌하),
온도현황도(우하) ························································································· 53
<그림 3-7> 부산광역시 서구의 그린인프라 비율별 면적과 평균 지표면 온도 ·············· 55
<그림 3-8> 서구 용도지역현황도(좌상), 비오톱현황도(우상), 녹지현황도(좌하),
온도현황도(우하) ························································································· 56
<그림 3-9> 부산광역시 동구의 그린인프라 비율별 면적과 평균 지표면 온도 ·············· 58
<그림 3-10> 동구 용도지역현황도(좌상), 비오톱현황도(우상), 녹지현황도(좌하),
온도현황도(우하) ······················································································· 59
<그림 3-11> 부산광역시 영도구의 그린인프라 비율별 면적과 평균 지표면 온도 ········· 61
<그림 3-12> 영도구 용도지역현황도(좌상), 비오톱현황도(우상), 녹지현황도(좌하),
온도현황도(우하) ······················································································· 62
<그림 3-13> 부산광역시 부산진구의 그린인프라 비율별 면적과 평균 지표면 온도 ····· 64
<그림 3-14> 부산진구 용도지역현황도(좌상), 비오톱현황도(우상), 녹지현황도(좌하),
온도현황도(우하) ······················································································· 65
<그림 3-15> 부산광역시 동래구의 그린인프라 비율별 면적과 평균 지표면 온도 ········· 67
<그림 3-16> 동래구 용도지역현황도(좌상), 비오톱현황도(우상), 녹지현황도(좌하),
온도현황도(우하) ······················································································· 68
<그림 3-17> 부산광역시 남구의 그린인프라 비율별 면적과 평균 지표면 온도 ············ 70
<그림 3-18> 남구 용도지역현황도(좌상), 비오톱현황도(우상), 녹지현황도(좌하),
온도현황도(우하) ······················································································· 71
<그림 3-19> 부산광역시 북구의 그린인프라 비율별 면적과 평균 지표면 온도 ············ 73
<그림 3-20> 북구 용도지역현황도(좌상), 비오톱현황도(우상), 녹지현황도(좌하),
온도현황도(우하) ······················································································· 74
<그림 3-21> 부산광역시 해운대구의 그린인프라 비율별 면적과 평균 지표면 온도 ····· 76
<그림 3-22> 해운대구 용도지역현황도(좌상), 비오톱현황도(우상), 녹지현황도(좌하),
온도현황도(우하) ······················································································· 77
<그림 3-23> 부산광역시 사하구의 그린인프라 비율별 면적과 평균 지표면 온도 ········· 79
<그림 3-24> 사하구 용도지역현황도(좌상), 비오톱현황도(우상), 녹지현황도(좌하),
온도현황도(우하) ······················································································· 80
<그림 3-25> 부산광역시 금정구의 그린인프라 비율별 면적과 평균 지표면 온도 ········· 82
<그림 3-26> 금정구 용도지역현황도(좌상), 비오톱현황도(우상), 녹지현황도(좌하),
온도현황도(우하) ······················································································· 83
<그림 3-27> 부산광역시 강서구의 그린인프라 비율별 면적과 평균 지표면 온도 ········· 85
<그림 3-28> 강서구 용도지역현황도(좌상), 비오톱현황도(우상), 녹지현황도(좌하),
온도현황도(우하) ······················································································· 86
<그림 3-29> 부산광역시 연제구의 그린인프라 비율별 면적과 평균 지표면 온도 ········· 88
<그림 3-30> 연제구 용도지역현황도(좌상), 비오톱현황도(우상), 녹지현황도(좌하),
온도현황도(우하) ······················································································· 89
<그림 3-31> 부산광역시 수영구의 그린인프라 비율별 면적과 평균 지표면 온도 ········· 91
<그림 3-32> 수영구 용도지역현황도(좌상), 비오톱현황도(우상), 녹지현황도(좌하),
온도현황도(우하) ······················································································· 92
<그림 3-33> 부산광역시 사상구의 그린인프라 비율별 면적과 평균 지표면 온도 ········· 94
<그림 3-34> 사상구 용도지역현황도(좌상), 비오톱현황도(우상), 녹지현황도(좌하),
온도현황도(우하) ······················································································· 95
<그림 3-35> 부산광역시 기장군의 그린인프라 비율별 면적과 평균 지표면 온도 ········· 97
<그림 3-36> 기장군 용도지역현황도(좌상), 비오톱현황도(우상), 녹지현황도(좌하),
온도현황도(우하) ······················································································· 98
<그림 3-37> 그린인프라 우수지역 집단 분포 지역 중 화명신도시(좌), 해운대 신도시(우) ·· 99
<그림 3-38> 시가화된 지역내 그린인프라 20%이상인 지역분포(상)과 그 지역의 온도 분포(하) ·· 100
<그림 3-39> 부산광역시의 시가화된 지역 중 그린인프라 우수지역 분포 ·················· 101
<그림 3-40> 시가화된 지역내 그린인프라 2.5% 미만인 지역분포(상)과 그 지역의 온도 분포(하) ·· 103
<그림 3-41> 부산광역시 시가화된 지역 중 공업지역 내 그린인프라 취약지역(상)과
주거지역 내 그린인프라 취약지역(하) ···················································· 104
<그림 3-42> 그린인프라 취약지역이 분포하는 공업지역 중 녹산 산업단지 및 미음지구
산업단지(좌), 사상공단(우) ····································································· 105
<그림 3-43> 그린인프라 취약지역이 분포하는 주거 및 상업지역 중 동래구 및 연제구
지역(좌), 서면-부산역 지역(우) ······························································ 105
<그림 4-1> 그린인프라율에 따른 평균 지표면 온도의 분포 ······································· 106
<그림 4-2> 부산광역시의 100m×100m크기의 격자별 그린인프라율 분포(상)와 평균
지표면 온도 분포(하) ················································································ 107
<그림 4-3> 습지관련 그린인프라(낙동강)와 녹지관련 그린인프라(금정산) ·················· 109
<그림 4-4> 토지이용 및 그린인프라율이 변하지 않은 지역 중 산림지역(금정산 남문마을 일대) ·· 113
<그림 4-5> 토지이용 및 그린인프라율이 변하지 않은 지역 중 주거지역(해운대구 재송동) ·· 114
<그림 4-6> 토지이용 및 그린인프라율이 변하지 않은 지역 중 공업지역(사상구 학장동) ·· 115
<그림 4-7> 산지가 시가화된 지역(사하뷰웰 아파트) ··················································· 117
<그림 4-8> 농지가 시가화된 지역(강서구 명지동) ······················································ 119
<그림 4-9> 공사 중인 토지가 시가화된 지역(동래센트럴파크하이츠) ·························· 120
<그림 4-10> 산지 및 농지가 공사현장으로 변한 지역(명원초등학교와 경일중학교) ··· 122
<그림 4-11> 시가화된 지역이 공사현장으로 변한 지역(사하구 다대동) ····················· 123
<그림 4-12> 식물 생장 효과 대상 지역(강서구 대저2동) ··········································· 125
<그림 4-13> 반자연 토지형 그린인프라 조성 지역(사하구 신평동) ···························· 127
<그림 4-14> 반자연 시설형 그린인프라 조성 지역(연제구의회 옥상녹화) ·················· 129
<그림 4-15> 온천천 유역도 ························································································ 131
<그림 4-16> 불투수층 감소율에 따른 온천천유역 연평균 침투량, 지표유출량, 침투율 변화 ·· 133
<그림 4-17> 불투수층 감소율에 따른 온천천유역 하천유량 변화 ······························ 134
<그림 5-1> 그린인프라 취약지역이 분포하는 동래구 및 연제구 지역 용도지역현황도(좌상),
비오톱현황도(우상), 녹지현황도(좌하), 온도현황도(우하) ·························· 136
<그림 5-2> 그린인프라 취약지역이 분포하는 서면-부산역 지역 용도지역현황도(좌상),
비오톱현황도(우상), 녹지현황도(좌하), 온도현황도(우하) ·························· 138
<그림 5-3> 도로지역 그린인프라를 통한 강우 관리 모식도 ······································· 142
<그림 5-4> 쿨루프의 사례(좌; 안산환경재단)와 경사지붕의 옥상녹화(우; 미국 뉴욕) ··· 143
