제1장 서론 (序論, Introduction) ······························································ 1
1. 목적 (目的, Purpose) ················································································· 1
1) 질문 (質問, Questions) ········································································· 2
2) 목표 (目標, Objectives) ······································································ 9
2. 방법 (方法, Method) ··············································································· 13
1) 범위 (範圍, Scope) ·············································································· 14
2) 접근 (接近, Approach) ····································································· 25
제2장 도시이해 적요 (摘要, Brief) ··················································· 35
1. 토대 (土臺, Basis) ··················································································· 35
1) 조건성 (條件性, Facultativity) ·························································· 36
2) 역사성 (歷史性, Historicality) ····················································· 46
2. 현상 (現象, Phenomenon) ···································································· 83
1) 사회성 (社會性, Sociality) ································································· 84
2) 공간성 (空間性, Spatiality) ······························································ 101
제3장 중심지 재생 탐구 (探究, Exploration) ··································· 125
1. 전제 (前提, Premise) ·············································································· 125
1) 도시경영 (都市經營, Urban Management) ·································· 126
2) 계획체계 (計劃體系, Planning System) ········································ 137
2. 체계 (體系, System) ············································································· 162
1) 기본원리 (基本原理, Fundamental) ··············································· 163
2) 적응구조 (適應構造, Adaptation) ··················································· 187
3. 실제 (實際, Practice) ············································································· 212
1) 사례검토 (事例檢討, Case Study) ·················································· 213
2) 설문조사 (設問調査, Questionnaire Survey) ······························ 241
제4장 결론 (結論, Conclusion) ·························································· 259
1. 결과 (結果, Output) ················································································ 259
1) 맥락이해 (脈絡理解, Understanding of Context) ······················ 261
2) 재생체계 (再生體系, Regeneration System) ······························· 268
3) 실제진단 (實際診斷, Practice Diagnosis) ···································· 275
2. 함의 (含意, Implication) ········································································ 278
1) 참조 (參照, Reference) ···································································· 280
2) 제언 (提言, Proposal) ······································································ 287
3) 여담 (餘談, Excursus) ····································································· 303
Abstract ······························································································· 306
참고문헌 ····························································································· 307
부록 ····································································································· 315
1. 다른 도시 조사내용 ················································································ 315
2. 런던조망관리체계 (LVMF: London View Management Framework) ···· 327
3. 자문 자료 ································································································· 338
4. 설문조사 자료 ·························································································· 351
<표 Ⅰ-1> 연구범위 설정 개념 ········································································ 14
<표 Ⅰ-2> 주요 국내 연구 (주제 부문) ··························································· 16
<표 Ⅰ-3> 주요 국외 연구 (주제 부문) ··························································· 18
<표 Ⅰ-4> 주요 국내·외 연구 (방법 부문) ······················································ 20
<표 Ⅰ-5> 기존 연구 한계 ··············································································· 22
<표 Ⅰ-6> 연구 범위 설정 ··············································································· 22
<표 Ⅰ-7> 연구 경로 ························································································ 32
<표 Ⅰ-8> 주요 자료 종류 ··············································································· 33
<표 Ⅱ-1> 런던의 월 평균 기후 주요 지표 (2005-2015) ···························· 43
<표 Ⅱ-2> 영국 (UK)의 총 인구 (2016) ························································ 44
<표 Ⅱ-3> 런던 (L)의 도시역사 적요 (摘要) 얼개 ········································· 48
<표 Ⅱ-4> 선사기와 로마기의 주요 연표 ······················································· 56
<표 Ⅱ-5> 중세기 주요 연표 ··········································································· 63
<표 Ⅱ-6> 1·2차 인클로저 현상 특징 ···························································· 66
<표 Ⅱ-7> 근대기 주요 연표 ··········································································· 72
<표 Ⅱ-8> 현대기 주요 연표 ··········································································· 81
<표 Ⅱ-9> 사회성 (社會性, Sociality) 기초조사 목록 ·································· 84
<표 Ⅱ-10> 인종집단별 인구수 추정 (2016: 2016-2041) ··························· 89
<표 Ⅱ-11> 구 (Borough)별 종교 특성 (2017, 인) ······································· 91
<표 Ⅱ-12> 국적 (Nationality) 특성 (2017, 인) ············································ 93
<표 Ⅱ-13> 구 (Borough)별 소득 (2015-2016, £) ······································· 95
<표 Ⅱ-14> 구 (Borough)별 의석수 (2014) ··················································· 98
<표 Ⅱ-15> 안녕 (Wellbeing) 4대 지표 설문조사 결과 (2017) ················ 100
<표 Ⅱ-16> 공간성 (空間性, Spatiality) 현상 조사 목록 ·························· 101
<표 Ⅱ-17> 이동수단별 통행량 비중 ···························································· 110
<표 Ⅱ-18> 이동수단별 통행량 (단위: 백만 통행/일) ································ 110
<표 Ⅱ-19> 2015년 지방세 과세등급 기준 자산 수 (Properties) ··········· 114
<표 Ⅱ-20> 소유 유형별 주택 수 (2016) ····················································· 115
<표 Ⅱ-21> 공공 공지 위계에 따른 분류 (2017) ········································ 118
<표 Ⅲ-1> 자치구 (Borough) 현황 ······························································· 130
<표 Ⅲ-2> 총 수익 및 자본지출 현황 (2018-2019) ··································· 132
<표 Ⅲ-3> 런던광역시 (GLA) 주요 업무 (15개 부문) ·································· 134
<표 Ⅲ-4> 영국의 계획체계 (런던광역시 중심) ··········································· 139
<표 Ⅲ-5> 국가계획방침 (NPPF) 주요 내용 ················································ 141
<표 Ⅲ-6> 런던 플랜 (London Plan) 주요 내용 ········································ 143
<표 Ⅲ-7> 리치몬드 자치구의 지방계획 (Local Plan) 주요 내용 ············ 146
<표 Ⅲ-8> 리치몬드 지방계획 (Local Plan) 관련 도면 ····························· 147
<표 Ⅲ-9> 동네계획 (Neighbourhood Plan) 수립단계별 과정 ················ 150
<표 Ⅲ-10> 두 수단 비교 ·············································································· 151
<표 Ⅲ-11> 디자인 가이드라인 예시 (주거지역의 경우) ···························· 156
<표 Ⅲ-12> 보존지역 내 계획허가신청서 (PPA) 내용 예 (창문) ············· 157
<표 Ⅲ-13> 보존지역 (Conservation Area)내 계획허가신청서 1 ··········· 158
<표 Ⅲ-14> 보존지역 (Conservation Area)내 계획허가신청서 2 ··········· 159
<표 Ⅲ-15> 보존지역 (Conservation Area)내 계획허가신청서 3 ··········· 160
<표 Ⅲ-16> 계획허가신청서 (PPA) 작성 모습과 현재 모습 ······················ 161
<표 Ⅲ-17> 전체 구조형 ················································································ 164
<표 Ⅲ-18> 부분 구조형 분류 ······································································· 165
<표 Ⅲ-19> 부분 구조형 관련 도면 ······························································ 166
<표 Ⅲ-20> 런던 계획 (London Plan)의 중심지별 특성 (239개) ··········· 169
<표 Ⅲ-21> 런던 (GL) 복합박탈지수의 LSOA 개수 변화 ·························· 182
<표 Ⅲ-22> 복합박탈지수 (IMD)의 종류 ····················································· 182
<표 Ⅲ-23> 공공주도형 (2018년 진행 중) ··················································· 184
<표 Ⅲ-24> 런던 (GL) 상업향상지구 (BID) 분류 (2017) ······························ 185
<표 Ⅲ-25> 런던 (GL) 중심지 재생의 유형 ················································· 187
<표 Ⅲ-26> 공동체 사업계획 수립권의 실행단계 ······································· 190
<표 Ⅲ-27> 「지역 주권법 (Localism Act)」 구성 ····································· 191
<표 Ⅲ-28> 「도시 및 농촌계획법」 구성 ················································ 191
<표 Ⅲ-29> 런던 중심활동지역의 보완계획지침 주요 내용 정리 ············ 196
<표 Ⅲ-30> 크라우드 펀드형 25개 재생 사례 (2017) ································ 200
<표 Ⅲ-31> 옛 길 (High Street) 40개 재생사례 ········································ 203
<표 Ⅲ-32> 공공작업공간 (Open Workspace)의 종류 ······························ 205
<표 Ⅲ-33> 상업향상지구 (BID)의 종류 ························································ 208
<표 Ⅲ-34> 상업향상지구 (BID)의 SWOT ···················································· 210
<표 Ⅲ-35> 도시재생 관련 기금 (Fund) 종류 ············································· 211
<표 Ⅲ-36> 킹스턴어폰템즈 자치구 (Borough)의 기초 현황지표 ············ 216
<표 Ⅲ-37> 킹스턴어폰템즈 지역의 주요 연표 ··········································· 226
<표 Ⅲ-38> 킹스턴 (Kingston) 중심지 내 보존지구 주요 자원 ··············· 229
<표 Ⅲ-39> 2차 계획 (Business Plan 2010-2015) 주요 내용 ················ 234
<표 Ⅲ-40> 킹스턴 퍼스트 지구 (BID)의 진화 단계 ································· 236
<표 Ⅲ-41> 킹스턴 퍼스트 지구 (BID)의 계획 예산안 (2015-2019) ········ 237
<표 Ⅲ-42> 킹스턴 퍼스트 지구 (BID)의 부문별 이해관계 ······················· 238
<표 Ⅲ-43> 킹스턴 퍼스트 지구 (BID) 성과 요약 (2004-2014) ················ 240
<표 Ⅲ-44> 상업향상지구 (BID)의 설문 항목 구성 ····································· 247
<표 Ⅲ-45> 설문조사 과정 ············································································· 250
<표 Ⅲ-46> 상업향상지구 (BID)의 설문 개요 ·············································· 251
<표 Ⅲ-47> 상업향상지구 (BID)의 설문조사 결과 ······································· 252
<표 Ⅲ-48> 상업향상지구 (BID) 설문조사 독립표본 T 검정 결과 ··········· 253
<표 Ⅲ-49> 상업향상지구제 개선을 위한 청원 (Petition) 내용 ················ 258
<표 Ⅳ-1> 런던 (L) 도시역사 적요(摘要) ····················································· 264
<표 Ⅳ-2> 런던 (GL) 도시재생 유형 (2018년 진행 중) ······························ 272
<표 Ⅳ-3> 런던 (GL) 중심지 재생 유형 ······················································· 273
<표 Ⅳ-4> 공공작업공간 (Open Workspace)의 종류 ································ 274
<표 Ⅳ-5> 상업향상지구 (BID)의 종류 ·························································· 274
<표 Ⅳ-6> 상업향상지구 (BID) 제도의 특징 ················································ 275
<표 Ⅳ-7> 킹스턴 퍼스트지구 (Kingston First BID)의 진화 단계 ·········· 276
<표 Ⅳ-8> 런던과 부산의 기초 특성 비교 ·················································· 280
<표 Ⅳ-9> 참조의 3 유형 ·············································································· 281
<표 Ⅳ-10> 등가 참조점 (等價 參照點) ························································ 282
<표 Ⅳ-11> 응용 참조점 (應用 參照點) ························································ 284
<표 Ⅳ-12> 초월 참조점 (超越 參照點) ························································ 286
<표 Ⅳ-13> 참조점 (參照點)의 중심지 정책 분류 ····································· 290
<그림 Ⅰ-1> 연구의 목표체계 ············································································ 9
<그림 Ⅰ-2> 연구의 공간 범위 ········································································ 23
<그림 Ⅰ-3> 유럽에서 런던 (L)의 위치 ·························································· 24
<그림 Ⅰ-4> 연구 접근의 중층 수렴 구조 ····················································· 25
<그림 Ⅰ-5> 연구의 관점 ················································································· 29
<그림 Ⅰ-6> 스톤헨지 (Stonehenge) 모습 ···················································· 34
<그림 Ⅱ-1> 유럽 지역 주요 도시 (2013) ······················································ 38
<그림 Ⅱ-2> 유럽 지역 도시-농촌 유형 (2013) ············································ 38
<그림 Ⅱ-3> 런던의 지질 단면 ········································································ 39
<그림 Ⅱ-4> 템즈 강변 주요 시가지 건립 시기 ··········································· 40
<그림 Ⅱ-5> 런던 (L)의 자연 지형·지질도 및 녹지공간 분포도 ················· 41
<그림 Ⅱ-6> 코츠월드 (Cotsworld) 모습 ······················································· 42
<그림 Ⅱ-7> 영국 (UK)의 인구 변화 (1993-2017, 천인) ····························· 45
<그림 Ⅱ-8> 영국 (UK)의 인구 변화 (1945-2017, %) ·································· 45
<그림 Ⅱ-9> 역사 이전 런던 (L) 주변 지역의 해안선 변화와 강 흐름 ····· 46
<그림 Ⅱ-10> 스톤헨지 (Stonehenge)의 배치도 ·········································· 52
<그림 Ⅱ-11> 스톤헨지 (Stonehenge)의 모습 ·············································· 52
<그림 Ⅱ-12> AD 2세기경 로마 런디니움 도면 ··········································· 55
<그림 Ⅱ-13> AD 125년 로마 런디니움 예상모습 ······································ 55
<그림 Ⅱ-14> 옛 로마 성벽 (Roman Wall) 모습 ········································· 57
<그림 Ⅱ-15> 1300년경 런던 평면도 (추정) ·················································· 59
<그림 Ⅱ-16> 1450년경 런디니움 (Londinium) 도시 평면도 ···················· 62
<그림 Ⅱ-17> 흑사병에 의한 무덤과 병원 위치도 ······································· 62
<그림 Ⅱ-18> 1666년에 있었던 대화재 (Great Fire) 피해 범위도 ··········· 67
<그림 Ⅱ-19> 18세기 런던 (L) 시가지 확장 양상 ········································ 69
<그림 Ⅱ-20> 19세기 런던 (L)의 도시 평면도 ·············································· 71
<그림 Ⅱ-21> 1880년대 도심 충전 (Infill) 개발 양상 ································ 71
<그림 Ⅱ-22> 리젠트 가로 (Regent Street) 모습 ········································ 73
<그림 Ⅱ-23> 1918년 런던 (L) 산업지역 분포도 ·········································· 74
<그림 Ⅱ-24> 1944년 런던광역계획, 4링 (Rings) ········································ 76
<그림 Ⅱ-25> 런던의 보존지구 지정도 (2017) ·············································· 77
<그림 Ⅱ-26> 런던의 인구변화 (약 1700-2016) ··········································· 80
<그림 Ⅱ-27> 그린벨트 (Greenbelt) 일대 ······················································ 82
<그림 Ⅱ-28> 내부 런던과 외부 런던 인구변화율 (1971-2015, %) ·········· 86
<그림 Ⅱ-29> 런던광역시 (GLA) 인구수 변화 (1961-2035) ························ 87
<그림 Ⅱ-30> 인종집단별 인구수 변화 추정 (2016-2041) ·························· 89
<그림 Ⅱ-31> 2014년 지방선거구 (Ward)별 선거 결과 ······························ 97
<그림 Ⅱ-32> 2010년 지방선거구 (Ward)별 선거 결과 ······························ 97
<그림 Ⅱ-33> 공간구조 변화 ········································································· 103
<그림 Ⅱ-34> 공간특성 분류 ········································································· 104
<그림 Ⅱ-35> 거주 밀도 (인/ha) ································································ 105
<그림 Ⅱ-36> 런던 (GL) 3대 지대별 공도 (空圖) 관계 양상분류 ············· 107
<그림 Ⅱ-37> 런던 (GL) 공도 (空圖) ····························································· 108
<그림 Ⅱ-38> LOAC 분석결과 ······································································ 112
<그림 Ⅱ-39> 조성시기별 건물군분포 양상 (중앙값) ·································· 114
<그림 Ⅱ-40> 녹지체계 (2014) ······································································ 117
<그림 Ⅱ-41> 시가지 특성 ············································································· 118
<그림 Ⅱ-42> 3 지대별 주요 중심지의 가로모습 ······································· 120
<그림 Ⅱ-43> 밀레니엄교에서 본 세인트폴 성당 방향 ····························· 121
<그림 Ⅱ-44> 멀리서 본 도시 장면(Urban Scene) ·································· 122
<그림 Ⅱ-45> 리치몬드 공원에서 본 북서측 방향 ····································· 123
<그림 Ⅲ-1> 런던 (L) 행정구역 변천 (GLA 이전) ······································· 128
<그림 Ⅲ-2> 런던광역시 (GLA) 기본 행정조직 ··········································· 134
<그림 Ⅲ-3> 시민사회 전략 도식도 ······························································ 136
<그림 Ⅲ-4> 런던 (GL)의 공간전략 종합 다이어그램 ································· 144
<그림 Ⅲ-5> 리치몬드 지방계획 (LP, 2018) 종합 다이어그램 ················· 147
<그림 Ⅲ-6> 웨스트민스터 지방계획 정책도 ··············································· 148
<그림 Ⅲ-7> 조경 디자인 가이드라인 ·························································· 154
<그림 Ⅲ-8> 건물 높이 가이드라인 ······························································ 155
<그림 Ⅲ-9> 런던계획의 중심지 (Town Centre) 분류 ······························ 168
<그림 Ⅲ-10> 런던계획의 중심지 (Town Centre) 위치 및 분포 ············· 169
<그림 Ⅲ-11> 런던광역시 중심활동지역 (CAZ) 자산분포 ·························· 170
<그림 Ⅲ-12> 그린벨트 지정 현황도 ·························································· 172
<그림 Ⅲ-13> 런던특성도 ··············································································· 174
<그림 Ⅲ-14> 고고학 우선지역과 등록전쟁터 ··········································· 174
<그림 Ⅲ-15> 런던조망전략체계 (LVMF) 개념도 ········································ 175
<그림 Ⅲ-16> 런던조망전략체계 (LVMF) 설정도 ········································ 176
<그림 Ⅲ-17> 프림로즈언덕 (Primrose Hill)에서 본 조망 ························ 177
<그림 Ⅲ-18> 시티오브런던 지역 조망 보호 ·············································· 178
<그림 Ⅲ-19> 시티오브런던 지역 고층건물 입지 부적절도 ······················ 178
<그림 Ⅲ-20> 시티오브런던 지역 고층건물 건립 허용 실제 모습 ··········· 179
<그림 Ⅲ-21> 시티오브런던 지역 세인트폴 대성당 실제모습 ·················· 180
<그림 Ⅲ-22> 런던 (GL) 상업향상지구 (BID) 위치 (2017) ·························· 185
<그림 Ⅲ-23> 브래드포드 BID 투표 (Ballot) 현장 (2018. 9.24) ··············· 186
<그림 Ⅲ-24> 중심활동지역 (CAZ) 경계부와 재생지역 ······························ 195
<그림 Ⅲ-25> 중심활동지역 (CAZ) 내 상업향상지구 (BID) 위치 ·············· 195
<그림 Ⅲ-26> 서튼 지방계획 (Sutton Local Plan): 특성도 ··················· 197
<그림 Ⅲ-27> 공동체 기반 공공주도사업 생애주기 (Lifecycle) ··············· 199
<그림 Ⅲ-28> 중심지 가로 (High Street) 분포 ·········································· 201
<그림 Ⅲ-29> 핵스햄 (Hexham) BID 반대운동 현장 (2017. 5.9) ············ 209
<그림 Ⅲ-30> 킹스턴어폰템즈 위치 ······························································ 214
<그림 Ⅲ-31> 킹스턴 퍼스트 상업향상지구 (Kingston First BID) 위치 215
<그림 Ⅲ-32> 킹스턴 퍼스트 상업향상지구 (BID) 범위 ····························· 217
<그림 Ⅲ-33> 킹스턴어폰템즈 중심지의 1813년 모습을 재현한 모델 ···· 221
<그림 Ⅲ-34> 킹스턴어폰템즈 중심지의 옛 도로망도 ······························· 224
<그림 Ⅲ-35> 킹스턴 중심지 광장 (박상필, 2018) ···································· 225
<그림 Ⅲ-36> 킹스턴 퍼스트 상업향상지구 (BID)의 주요 자원도 ············ 227
<그림 Ⅲ-37> 킹스턴 퍼스트 상업향상지구 (BID) 기초 특성 ···················· 231
<그림 Ⅲ-38> 킹스턴 퍼스트 상업향상지구 (BID) 종합자원도 ·················· 232
<그림 Ⅲ-39> 킹스턴 퍼스트 지구 (BID)의 부문별 이해관계도식도 ········ 238
<그림 Ⅲ-40> 킹스턴 퍼스트 지구 (BID) 체계도 ········································ 239
<그림 Ⅲ-41> 상업향상지구 (BID)의 설문조사 체계 ··································· 242
<그림 Ⅲ-42> 상업향상지구 (BID) 설문해석의 양팔저울(ARM) 도식도 ··· 243
<그림 Ⅲ-43> 상업향상지구 (BID)의 설문 표본 목표량 ····························· 245
<그림 Ⅲ-44> 해석의 양팔저울 (ARM) 분석결과 ········································ 255
<그림 Ⅳ-1> 런던 (L) 도시형성의 가능론적 경로 다향성 ·························· 265
<그림 Ⅳ-2> 부산광역시의 중심지 범주 및 체계 구상 ······························ 292
<그림 Ⅳ-3> 중심지경영지구제도의 추진과정 ············································· 296
<그림 Ⅳ-4> 중심지경영지구의 운영체계 ···················································· 297
<그림 Ⅳ-5> 부산 해양재생벨트 (Ocean Belt) 범위 ·································· 299
<그림 Ⅳ-6> 부산광역시의 해안선 변화 (1967-2013) ································ 300
<그림 Ⅳ-7> 중심지의 공동체권 도식 ·························································· 302
