제1장 서론 ················································································· 1
1. 연구 배경 및 목적 ································································· 1
1) 연구 배경 ·········································································· 1
2) 연구 목적 ·········································································· 2
2. 연구내용 및 방법 ··································································· 3
1) 주요 연구내용 ··································································· 3
2) 연구 방법 ·········································································· 3
제2장 생태계 건전성 평가 방법 ··········································· 5
1. 생태계 평가 사례 ··································································· 5
1) 국가단위 평가 ··································································· 5
2) 도시단위 평가 ··································································· 9
3) 시사점 ·············································································· 13
2. 부산광역시 생태계 건전성 평가 방법 ······························· 14
1) 평가체계 구상 ······························································· 14
2) 평가지표 ·········································································· 16
제3장 부산광역시 생태계 건전성 평가 ······························ 41
1. 압력요인 ················································································ 41
1) 도시외곽 인구 ································································· 41
2) 산성강우 ·········································································· 44
3) 에너지 소비량 ································································· 47
2. 상태요인 ················································································ 50
1) 양적 상태 ········································································ 50
2) 질적 상태 ········································································ 56
3) 기능적 상태 ···································································· 62
3. 대응 지표 ·············································································· 69
1) 생태계 분야 예산 ··························································· 69
2) 정책의 수 ········································································ 70
3) 공공인식 ·········································································· 72
제4장 생태계 건전성 평가에 따른 자연환경 정책 개선 방안
······················································································ 75
1. 생태계 건전성 평가 결과 비교 ·········································· 75
2. 자연환경 정책 개선 방안 ···················································· 78
1) 압력요인 관리 ································································· 78
2) 상태요인 관리 ································································· 79
3) 대응요인 관리 ································································· 80
Abstract ···················································································· 82
참고문헌 ·················································································· 84
<표 Ⅱ-1> 환경 지속성 지수(2005)의 구성 요소 ······················ 6
<표 Ⅱ-2> 환경 성과 지수(2018년)의 구성 요소 ······················ 7
<표 Ⅱ-3> 지속가능 발전지표(2016) 환경분야의 구성요소 ····· 9
<표 Ⅱ-4> 도시생물다양성지수의 구성요소 ····························· 10
<표 Ⅱ-5> 도시의 생태적 건전성 평가지수의 구성요소 ········ 12
<표 Ⅱ-6> 녹색도시지수(아시아)의 구성요소 ··························· 13
<표 Ⅱ-7> 부산광역시 생태계 건전성 평가와 도시생물다양성지
수의 지표 비교 ························································· 17
<표 Ⅱ-8> 부산광역시 도시생태현황도의 비오톱 중 자연지역에
포함되는 비오톱 유형 ·············································· 24
<표 Ⅱ-9> 부산광역시 도시생태현황도의 비오톱 중 준자연지역
에 포함되는 비오톱 유형 ········································ 25
<표 Ⅱ-10> 부산광역시 도시생태현황도의 개별 비오톱 별 투수율
산정 기준 ·································································· 32
<표 Ⅱ-11> 부산광역시 도시생태현황도의 개별 비오톱 별 녹피율
산정 기준 ·································································· 34
<표 Ⅱ-12> 부산광역시 생태계 건전성 평가의 구성 요소 ···· 39
<표 Ⅲ-1> 부산광역시의 도시외곽 인구 지표 평가 ················ 41
<표 Ⅲ-2> 부산광역시의 산성강우 지표 평가 ························· 45
<표 Ⅲ-3> 부산광역시의 에너지소비량 지표 평가 ·················· 47
<표 Ⅲ-4> 부산광역시의 자연지역 면적 지표 평가 ················ 50
<표 Ⅲ-5> 부산광역시의 준자연지역 면적 지표 평가 ············ 52
<표 Ⅲ-6> 부산광역시의 보호지역 면적 지표 평가 ················ 54
<표 Ⅲ-7> 부산광역시에 지정되어 있는 보호 및 보전구역 현황
···················································································· 55
<표 Ⅲ-8> 부산광역시의 생태계 연결성 지표 평가 ················ 56
<표 Ⅲ-9> 부산광역시의 야생조류 종 수 지표 평가 ·············· 58
<표 Ⅲ-10> 제1차, 제2차 부산자연환경조사에서 발견된 야생조
류(텃새) 현황 ··························································· 59
<표 Ⅲ-11> 부산광역시의 외래종 비율 지표 평가 ·················· 61
<표 Ⅲ-12> 부산광역시에 서식하는 생태계교란야생생물종 목록
·················································································· 61
<표 Ⅲ-13> 부산광역시의 수량 조절 지표 평가 ····················· 63
<표 Ⅲ-14> 부산광역시의 기후 조절 지표 평가 ····················· 65
<표 Ⅲ-15> 부산광역시의 레크레이션 지표 평가 ···················· 67
<표 Ⅲ-16> 부산광역시의 생태계분야 예산 지표 평가 ·········· 69
<표 Ⅲ-17> 부산광역시 생태계 분야 예산(2008년과 2017년) 70
<표 Ⅲ-18> 부산광역시 정책의 수 지표 평가 ························· 71
<표 Ⅲ-19> 부산광역시 생태계 관련 법적 계획 및 조례의 의한
계획 수립 여부(2008년과 2017년) ······················· 71
<표 Ⅲ-20> 부산광역시의 공공인식 지표 평가 ······················· 72
<표 Ⅲ-21> 부산광역시 환경 관련 공공인식 프로그램 현황(2008
년과 2017년) ···························································· 73
<표 Ⅳ-1> 부산광역시 생태계 건전성 평가 결과(2007년과 2017년)
···················································································· 77
<그림 Ⅱ-1> 부산광역시 생태계 건전성 평가 지표 ················ 18
<그림 Ⅱ-2> 부산광역시의 서식지 연결성 적용 사례 ············ 28
<그림 Ⅲ-1> 부산광역시 강서구와 기장군의 인구 변화
(2001~2017) ·························································· 42
<그림 Ⅲ-2> 부산광역시 읍면동별 최근 10년간 인구의 증감율
················································································ 43
<그림 Ⅲ-3> 부산광역시 최근 21년간 빗물의 산도 ··············· 46
<그림 Ⅲ-4> 부산광역시 최근 27년간 대기 중 이산화질소와 이산
화황의 연평균 함량의 변화 ································· 46
<그림 Ⅲ-5> 부산광역시의 최근 20년간 연간 1인당 에너지 소비
량 변화(1997~2016) ············································· 48
<그림 Ⅲ-6> 부산광역시의 최근 25년간 부분별 최종에너지 소비
량 변화 ··································································· 49
<그림 Ⅲ-7> 부산광역시의 최근 25년간 원별 최종에너지 소비량
변화 ········································································· 49
<그림 Ⅲ-8> 부산광역시의 자연지역 현황 비교(2008년과 2017년)
················································································· 51
<그림 Ⅲ-9> 부산광역시 준자연지역 현황 비교(2008년과 2017년)
················································································· 53
<그림 Ⅲ-10> 부산광역시 보호 및 보전지역 현황 ·················· 55
<그림 Ⅲ-11> 강서구의 국제산업물류도시 일반산업단지 조성사
업으로 발생한 서식지의 분리 ··························· 57
<그림 Ⅲ-12> 기장군의 동부산관광단지 조성 사업으로 발생한 서
식지의 분리 ·························································· 57
<그림 Ⅲ-13> 부산광역시 토지별 투수율 분포도 ···················· 64
<그림 Ⅲ-14> 부산광역시 토지별 녹피율 분포도 ···················· 66
<그림 Ⅲ-15> 부산광역시의 레크레이션 지역의 분포 ············ 68