제1장 서론 ······························································································ 1 제1절 연구배경 및 목적 ····················································································· 3 제2절 연구내용 ···································································································· 7 제3절 연구방법 ···································································································· 8 제2장 이론적 논의 ··············································································· 11 제1절 가구특성 변화의 사회적 함의 ······························································ 13 1. 1인가구 증가와 공동체관계의 변화 ······················································ 13 2. 급증하는 1인가구와 생활변화의 함의 ···················································· 16 제2절 이론적 검토 및 연구동향 ······································································ 28 1. 1인가구에 관한 이론적 검토 ··································································· 28 2. 1인가구 정의 ····························································································· 29 3. 연구동향 ····································································································· 30 제3절 1인가구 정책 분석 ················································································· 35 1. 국외 1인가구 정책 ···················································································· 35 2. 국내 1인가구 정책 ·················································································· 42 제3장 부산지역 1인가구 현황과 특성 ··············································· 47 제1절 우리나라 1인가구 현황 및 특성 ·························································· 49 1. 우리나라 1인가구 구성 및 변화 ······························································ 49 2. 1인가구 현황 및 특성 ·············································································· 51 제2절 부산지역 1인가구 현황 및 특성 ·························································· 59 1. 부산지역 1인가구 구성 및 변화 ······························································ 59 2. 부산지역 1인가구 특성 ············································································ 65 제4장 1인가구 생활실태 조사 결과 ··················································· 97 제1절 설문조사 결과 분석 ··············································································· 99 1. 조사개요 ····································································································· 99 2. 조사결과 ··································································································· 102 제2절 군집분석 ······························································································ 134 제3절 심층면접조사 결과 분석 ······································································ 142 1. 조사개요 ··································································································· 142 2. 조사 결과 ································································································· 144 3. 요약 ·········································································································· 156 제5장 부산시 대응방안 ····································································· 159 제1절 1인가구 정책방향 ················································································ 161 1. 1인가구에 대한 정책대응 필요성 ·························································· 161 2. 통합적 수요 대응정책 ············································································ 161 제2절 정책비전 및 구상 ················································································· 164 제3절 종합적 정책과제 ··················································································· 165 1. 분야별 정책구상 ······················································································ 165 2. 1인가구 취약계층 핵심정책구상 ···························································· 237 3. 법·제도적 정책구상 ················································································· 271 제4절 제도개선 및 행정사항 ······································································· 280 1. 1인가구 지원기금 조성 ·········································································· 280 2. 민간지원 인력 및 조직확대 ··································································· 287 3. 추진조직 정비 및 확대 ··········································································· 297 4. 관련조례 제·개정 및 특별법 제정 추진 ··············································· 301 제5절 결론 및 향후과제 ················································································· 307 참고문헌 ········································································································ 312 부 록 ············································································································ 319

[표 I-1] 연구협력추진 일정 ················································································· 10 [표 Ⅱ-1] 소득계층별 가구현황 ··········································································· 18 [표 Ⅱ-2] 가구원수 별 상대빈곤(중위소득 50% 기준) ······································ 19 [표 Ⅱ-3] 가구수별 저소득 가구 비율 ································································ 19 [표 Ⅱ-4] 가구수별 중위소득 ··············································································· 20 [표 Ⅱ-5] 가구원수별 지니계수 ··········································································· 21 [표 Ⅱ-6] 1인가구 빈곤율 ···················································································· 21 [표 Ⅱ-7] 가구원수별 자가점유율 ········································································ 24 [표 Ⅱ-8] 1인가구 정의 ························································································ 29 [표 Ⅱ-9] OECD 국가별 1인가구 구성비 ··························································· 36 [표 Ⅱ-10] 국가별 1인가구 비중 전망 ································································ 37 [표 Ⅱ-11] 영국의 1인가구 대상 주요 지원제도 ··············································· 38 [표 Ⅱ-12] 미국의 1인가구 대상 주요 지원제도 ··············································· 40 [표 Ⅱ-13] 1인가구 지원사업 ·············································································· 42 [표 Ⅱ-14] 서울시 1인가구 지원사업 ·································································· 43 [표 Ⅱ-15] 서울 기초지자체별 고독사 예방대책 ················································ 45 [표 Ⅱ-16] 부산 기초지자체별 고독사 예방대책 ················································ 46 [표 Ⅲ-1] 산업별 1인가구 취업자 규모 ······························································ 52 [표 Ⅲ-2] 직업별 1인가구 취업자 규모 ······························································ 53 [표 Ⅲ-3] 1인가구 주당 평균 취업시간 ······························································ 54 [표 Ⅲ-4] 시·도별 1인가구 고용률 ···································································· 54 [표 Ⅲ-5] 부산시 성별 1인가구 변화 ·································································· 59 [표 Ⅲ-6] 2015년 구·군별 일반가구 및 1인가구 구성 ······································ 60 [표 Ⅲ-7] 부산시 연령별 1인가구 변화 ······························································ 61 [표 Ⅲ-8] 부산시 가구유형별 변화 ······································································ 62 [표 Ⅲ-9] 부산시 혼인상태별 1인가구 가구수 및 구성비 변화 ························ 64 [표 Ⅲ-10] 세대별 1인가구의 성 ········································································· 76 [표 Ⅲ-11] 세대별 1인가구의 혼인상태 ······························································ 77 [표 Ⅲ-12] 세대별 1인가구의 주택유형 ······························································ 78 [표 Ⅲ-13] 세대별 1인가구의 점유형태 ······························································ 79 [표 Ⅲ-14] 세대별 1인가구의 직업 ····································································· 80 [표 Ⅲ-15] 세대별 1인가구의 산업별 취업 ························································ 81 [표 Ⅲ-16] 세대별 1인가구의 경제활동상태 ······················································· 82 [표 Ⅲ-17] 세대별 1인가구의 사회활동 ······························································ 83 [표 Ⅲ-18] 세대별 1인가구의 활동제약 ······························································ 84 [표 Ⅲ-19] 세대별 1인가구의 교육정도 ······························································ 85 [표 Ⅲ-20] 세대별 1인가구의 거주기간 ······························································ 86 [표 Ⅲ-21] 세대별 1인가구의 1년 전 거주지 ···················································· 87 [표 Ⅲ-22] 세대별 1인가구의 출생지 ·································································· 88 [표 Ⅲ-23] 근무여건만족도 ·················································································· 89 [표 Ⅲ-24] 월평균소득 ·························································································· 90 [표 Ⅲ-25] 소득만족도 ·························································································· 90 [표 Ⅲ-26] 주거환경만족도 ·················································································· 90 [표 Ⅲ-27] 주거점유형태 ······················································································ 91 [표 Ⅲ-28] 월평균 소비 지출액 ··········································································· 91 [표 Ⅲ-29] 지출항목 ····························································································· 92 [표 Ⅲ-30] 소비생활만족도 ·················································································· 92 [표 Ⅲ-31] 장래가구소득에 대한 기대 ································································ 92 [표 Ⅲ-32] 여가활용방법(복수응답) ····································································· 93 [표 Ⅲ-33] 여가활동만족도 ·················································································· 93 [표 Ⅲ-34] 여가활동 불만족 사유 ······································································· 94 [표 Ⅲ-35] 사회적 관계별 소통 정도 ·································································· 94 [표 Ⅳ-1] 설문조사 항목 ······················································································ 99 [표 Ⅳ-2] 부산지역 1인가구 조사대상 표집현황 ············································· 101 [표 Ⅳ-3] 세대별 성별 현황 ··············································································· 102 [표 Ⅳ-4] 세대별 혼인상태 현황 ······································································· 102 [표 Ⅳ-5] 세대별 학력 현황 ··············································································· 103 [표 Ⅳ-6] 세대별 1인가구 생활 기간 ································································ 103 [표 Ⅳ-7] 세대별 1인가구 선택 유형 ································································ 104 [표 Ⅳ-8] 세대별 1인가구 생활 이유 ································································ 104 [표 Ⅳ-9] 세대별 1인가구 생활만족도 ······························································ 105 [표 Ⅳ-10] 세대별 1인가구 생활의 불편한 점 ················································· 105 [표 Ⅳ-11] 세대별 1인가구 생활의 불안한 점 ················································· 106 [표 Ⅳ-12] 세대별 1인가구 생활의 좋은 점 ···················································· 106 [표 Ⅳ-13] 세대별 1인가구 생활의 불이익 ······················································ 107 [표 Ⅳ-14] 세대별 1인가구 생활 지속 여부 예상 ··········································· 107 [표 Ⅳ-15] 세대별 1인가구 경제활동 참여 상태 ············································· 108 [표 Ⅳ-16] 세대별 월평균 소득 ········································································· 109 [표 Ⅳ-17] 세대별 주요 소득원 ········································································· 109 [표 Ⅳ-18] 세대별 월평균 생활비 지출액(저축 제외) ······································ 110 [표 Ⅳ-19] 세대별 월평균 저축액 ····································································· 110 [표 Ⅳ-20] 세대별 주관적 생활수준 ·································································· 111 [표 Ⅳ-21] 세대별 생활수준 전망 ····································································· 111 [표 Ⅳ-22] 세대별 주택 유형 ············································································· 112 [표 Ⅳ-23] 세대별 주택 소유 형태 ··································································· 112 [표 Ⅳ-24] 세대별 한 달 월세(월세를 지불하는 경우) ···································· 113 [표 Ⅳ-25] 세대별 현 주거지 선택 이유 ·························································· 114 [표 Ⅳ-26] 세대별 주택 만족도 ········································································· 115 [표 Ⅳ-27] 세대별 주거환경(교통, 주차, 상업시설 접근성, 방범 등) 만족도 ·· 116 [표 Ⅳ-28] 세대별 공공주택 거주 의사 ···························································· 116 [표 Ⅳ-29] 세대별 1인가구 위해 필요한 주택 관련 정책(1순위) ··················· 117 [표 Ⅳ-30] 세대별 건강 상태 ············································································· 118 [표 Ⅳ-31] 세대별 정신건강 관련 경험 ···························································· 118 [표 Ⅳ-32] 세대별 불규칙 식사 여부 ································································ 119 [표 Ⅳ-33] 세대별 집에 있을 때 주된 식사 해결 방법 ·································· 119 [표 Ⅳ-34] 세대별 간편식 이용 빈도 ································································ 120 [표 Ⅳ-35] 세대별 만성질환(의사진단) 보유 여부 ··········································· 120 [표 Ⅳ-36] 세대별 음주 빈도 ············································································· 121 [표 Ⅳ-37] 세대별 흡연 여부 ············································································· 121 [표 Ⅳ-38] 세대별 건강검진 경험 ····································································· 122 [표 Ⅳ-39] 세대별 운동 빈도 ············································································· 122 [표 Ⅳ-40] 세대별 자살 생각 ············································································· 123 [표 Ⅳ-41] 세대별 여가를 함께하는 사람 ························································ 123 [표 Ⅳ-42] 세대별 여가시간에 주로 하는 활동 ··············································· 124 [표 Ⅳ-43] 세대별 여가활동 어려움 ·································································· 124 [표 Ⅳ-44] 세대별 고민 나누는 사람 ································································ 125 [표 Ⅳ-45] 세대별 위급한 상황에서 도움 주는 사람 존재 여부 ···················· 125 [표 Ⅳ-46] 세대별 (있다면) 도움을 줄 수 있는 사람(다중응답) ···················· 126 [표 Ⅳ-47] 세대별 정보교류의 필요성 ······························································ 126 [표 Ⅳ-48] 세대별 따로 사는 가족들과 만나는 횟수 ······································ 127 [표 Ⅳ-49] 세대별 따로 사는 가족들과 연락을 주거나 받는 횟수 ················ 128 [표 Ⅳ-50] 세대별 친구·이웃·지인들과 만나는 횟수 ······································· 128 [표 Ⅳ-51] 세대별 친구·이웃·지인들과 연락을 주거나 받는 횟수 ················· 129 [표 Ⅳ-52] 세대별 거주지 안전 평가 ································································ 129 [표 Ⅳ-53] 세대별 범죄가 발생할 가능성이 높은 장소(1순위) ······················· 130 [표 Ⅳ-54] 1인가구 범죄 노출 정도 ································································· 130 [표 Ⅳ-55] 세대별 1인가구에 대한 부산시(구군)의 지원정책 필요성 ············ 131 [표 Ⅳ-56] 세대별 1인가구에 대한 지원정책이 가장 필요한 분야 ················ 131 [표 Ⅳ-57] 2016년 1년간 지원 서비스 이용 경험 여부 ································· 132 [표 Ⅳ-58] 정책별 1인가구를 위한 지원 필요성 ············································· 133 [표 Ⅳ-59] 서울 1인가구 군집 유형별 특성 ···················································· 135 [표 Ⅳ-60] 군집분석 항목 ·················································································· 136 [표 Ⅳ-61] 군집분석 유형 ·················································································· 137 [표 Ⅳ-62] 심층면접조사 참여자 ······································································· 142 [표 Ⅳ-63] 심층면접조사 항목 ··········································································· 143 [표 Ⅴ-1] 1인가구 발생 원인에 따른 정책방향(예시) ······································ 163 [표 Ⅴ-2] 1인가구 구성원의 세대 및 특징별 분류 ·········································· 165 [표 Ⅴ-3] 정책우선순위 ···················································································· 166 [표 V-4] 경제분야 아젠다 사업구상 ································································· 168 [표 V-5] 노인일자리 지원기관 ········································································ 175 [표 V-6] 주거 아젠다 사업구상 ········································································ 180 [표 V-7] 현재 주택 임차자금 조달방법_차가 ·················································· 181 [표 V-8] 생활 아젠다 사업구상 ········································································ 212 [표 V-9] 청년가구 핵심사업 구상 ····································································· 238 [표 V-10] 청년 주거지원사업 ············································································ 242 [표 V-11] 중장년가구 핵심사업 구상 ······························································· 246 [표 V-12] 부산시 자활사업 현황 ······································································ 248 [표 V-13] 부산시 중장년 고용서비스 지원 기관 ············································· 248 [표 V-14] 중장년 고용지원정책 ········································································ 249 [표 V-15] 노년가구 핵심사업 구상 ··································································· 255 [표 V-16] 노인일자리 지원기관 ········································································ 256 [표 V-17] 노인일자리 활동 유형 ···································································· 257 [표 V-18] 노인 우대형 카드 운영현황 ··························································· 264 [표 V-19] 1인가구와 관련이 있는 주요 주택제도 ··········································· 273 [표 Ⅴ-20] 부산광역시 기금운용 현황(2017.7월 기준) ··································· 283 [표 V-21] 도시재생 뉴딜 사업유형별 특징 ······················································ 284 [표 V-22] 독거노인 지원사업 현황 ··································································· 288 [표 V-23] 부산광역시 1인가구 관련 조례 현황 ·············································· 304 [표 V-24] 전국 지자체 1인가구 조례 현황 ····················································· 305

[그림 Ⅰ-1] 1인가구 확산과 관련한 트렌드 키워드 ············································ 3 [그림 Ⅰ-2] 연구절차 ······························································································ 9 [그림 Ⅱ-1] 연령대별 1인가구의 근로빈곤율 ····················································· 22 [그림 Ⅱ-2] 한국인의 삶의 질 지표변화 ····························································· 25 [그림 Ⅱ-3] 독거노인의 이웃과 접촉빈도 ··························································· 26 [그림 Ⅱ-4] 국가별 1인가구 구성비 ···································································· 35 [그림 Ⅱ-5] 국가별 1인가구 구성비(2015, 2035) ·············································· 37 [그림 Ⅲ-1] 연도별 1인가구 비율 변화 및 시도별 1인가구 비율 ···················· 49 [그림 Ⅲ-2] 시도별 1인가구 구성비(2015~2045) ··············································· 50 [그림 Ⅲ-3] 시도별 평균 가구원수 및 가구원수 규모 ······································· 50 [그림 Ⅲ-4] 성별·연령계층별 1인가구 취업자 ···················································· 51 [그림 Ⅲ-5] 혼인상태별·교육정도별 1인가구 취업자 ········································· 52 [그림 Ⅲ-6] 1인가구 취업자 종사상 지위 ·························································· 53 [그림 Ⅲ-7] 고령자 1인가구 현황 ······································································· 55 [그림 Ⅲ-8] 고령자 1인가구 및 연령대별 비중 ················································· 56 [그림 Ⅲ-9] 고령자 1인가구의 거처유형 ···························································· 56 [그림 Ⅲ-10] 고령자 가구의 스트레스 인식 정도 ·············································· 57 [그림 Ⅲ-11] 고령자 1인가구 취업자 ·································································· 58 [그림 Ⅲ-12] 고령자 가구의 생활비 마련 방법 ················································· 58 [그림 Ⅲ-13] 부산시 연령별 1인가구 변화 ························································ 61 [그림 Ⅲ-14] 부산시 가구유형별 변화 ································································ 63 [그림 Ⅲ-15] 부산시 혼인상태별 1인가구 변화 추이 ········································ 64 [그림 Ⅲ-16] 1인가구 분포 현황 ········································································· 65 [그림 Ⅲ-17] 남성 1인가구 분포 현황 ································································ 66 [그림 Ⅲ-18] 여성 1인가구 분포 현황 ································································ 66 [그림 Ⅲ-19] 20~30대 1인가구 분포 현황 ························································· 67 [그림 Ⅲ-20] 40~50대 1인가구 분포 현황 ························································· 68 [그림 Ⅲ-21] 60대 이상 1인가구 분포 현황 ······················································ 68 [그림 Ⅲ-22] 단독주택 1인가구 분포 현황 ························································ 69 [그림 Ⅲ-23] 아파트 1인가구 현황 분포 현황 ··················································· 70 [그림 Ⅲ-24] 다세대/연립 1인가구 현황 분포 현황 ·········································· 71 [그림 Ⅲ-25] 기타주거 1인가구 현황 분포 현황 ··············································· 71 [그림 Ⅲ-26] 해운대구 1인가구 유형별 밀집도 현황 ········································ 73 [그림 Ⅲ-27] 해운대구 1인가구 성별/연령별 밀집도 현황 ······························· 75 [그림 Ⅴ-1] 비전체계 ·························································································· 164 [그림 Ⅴ-2] 1인가구 핵심지원계층 ··································································· 167 [그림 Ⅴ-3] 1인가구 경제 아젠다 사업 체계 ··················································· 167 [그림 Ⅴ-4] 1인가구 온라인 플랫폼 ·································································· 173 [그림 Ⅴ-5] 주거 아젠다 사업 체계 ·································································· 180 [그림 Ⅴ-6] 미국 주택바우처 프로그램 주요 참여자와 관계 ·························· 182 [그림 Ⅴ-7] 부산시 빈집 사유, 기간, 파손정도 ··············································· 185 [그림 V-8] DK하우스마츠도 내부 참고이미지 ················································· 191 [그림 V-9] 그랑미타카다이 내부 참고이미지 ·················································· 192 [그림 V-10] 플로라 요코하마 호시카와 내부 참고이미지 ······························ 193 [그림 V-11] 역삼 더 가든 내부 참고이미지 ···················································· 194 [그림 V-12] 양드레하우스 논현 내부 참고이미지 ········································· 195 [그림 V-13] 셰어하우스 이미지 예시 ······························································· 197 [그림 V-14] 저소득 여성 1인가구를 위한 방범시설 설치 ······························ 205 [그림 V-15] 늦은 퇴근을 하는 여성을 위한 안심귀가길 조성 ····················· 206 [그림 V-16] 염리동 CPTED 디자인 적용 ························································ 207 [그림 V-17] 야간 안전이동경로(바닥 LED조명) 계획 ····································· 208 [그림 V-18] 사각지대를 고려한 장치(반사경 등) 설치 ··································· 208 [그림 V-19] 공·폐가 정비계획(부산광역시 서구청, 2015) ······························ 208 [그림 V-20] 조명기구 계획(부산광역시 서구청, 2015) ··································· 209 [그림 V-21] CPTED 조성 이미지 예시 ···························································· 209 [그림 V-22] 생활 아젠다 사업 체계 ································································· 211 [그림 Ⅴ-23] 소셜다이닝 플랫폼 운영사례 ······················································· 216 [그림 Ⅴ-24] 노인1인가구 돌봄 종합상담센터 운영체계도 ····························· 223 [그림 V-25] 청년 1인가구 정책과제 ································································· 238 [그림 Ⅴ-26] 미국 주택바우처 프로그램 주요 참여자와 관계 ······················· 241 [그림 Ⅴ-27] 청년 1인가구 핵심정책과제 종합 ··············································· 245 [그림 V-28] 노인복지카드 운영 체계도 ··························································· 265 [그림 V-29] 일본의 지역포괄지원센터 업무 ···················································· 290 [그림 V-30] 사업운영의 목적 ············································································ 291 [그림 V-31] 가칭) 1인가구 통합지원센터의 주요 사업 ·································· 292 [그림 V-32] 지역포괄케어 이념과 목표 ··························································· 293 [그림 V-33] 도쿄 지역포괄지원센터 ································································· 293 [그림 V-34] 재택의료 ························································································· 294 [그림 V-35] 안부확인서비스 ·············································································· 294 [그림 V-36] 아오노복지마을 ·············································································· 295 [그림 V-37] 포괄케어시스템 모형도 ································································· 295 [그림 V-38] 통합지원센터 모형도 ···································································· 296 [그림 V-39] 부산시 1인가구 정책 관련 부서 ·················································· 298