chapter 01 서론
1. 연구배경 및 필요성 ····················································································3
2. 연구목적 및 주요내용 ················································································4
3. 연구방법 ····································································································6
4. 연구의 구성 ·······························································································6
chapter 02 이론 및 불평등 현실과 인식
1. 양극화 및 관련개념의 이해 ·····································································11
2. 양극화 및 불평등 원인 ·············································································12
3. 우리나라 양극화 및 불평등 현상의 동향 ··················································15
4. 양극화 및 불평등에 대한 부산시민의 인식 ···············································22
chapter 03 부산의 빈곤과 소득 양극화
1. 연구 배경 및 필요성 ·················································································41
2. 이론 및 선행연구 분석 ·············································································43
3. 연구자료 및 분석방법 ··············································································46
4. 부산의 빈곤, 소득 불평등 및 양극화 진단 ················································49
5. 정책방향과 과제 ······················································································61
chapter 04 부산의 교육 불평등
1. 교육 불평등에 관한 이론적 논의 ······························································71
2. 연구 범위 및 방법 ····················································································74
3. 부산의 교육 불평등 진단 ··········································································75
4. 사회적·정책적 시사점 ··········································································103
5. 정책방향과 과제 ····················································································106
chapter 05 부산의 문화 및 여가 불평등
1. 문화 및 여가 불평등 관련 이론적 논의 ···················································111
2. 연구 범위 및 방법 ··················································································112
3. 부산의 문화 및 여가 불평등 진단 ···························································112
4. 정책방향과 과제 ····················································································143
chapter 06 부산의 건강 불평등
1. 건강 불평등에 관한 이론적 논의 ····························································149
2. 부산의 건강 불평등 진단 ········································································151
3. 정책적 시사점 ························································································167
4. 정책방향과 과제 ····················································································168
chapter 07 양극화 시대 부산의 도시정책
1. 부산의 불평등 및 양극화 현실 ·······························································175
2. 양극화 해결을 위한 도시정책의 방향 ·····················································178
3. 경제정책의 방향과 과제 ·········································································180
4. 노동정책의 방향과 과제 ·········································································182
5. 사회복지정책의 방향과 과제 ··································································184
6. 사회투자정책의 방향과 과제 ································································187
7. 정책제언 및 한계점 ················································································189
chapter 08 Abstract ····························································190
chapter 09 참고문헌 ····························································192
chapter 10 부 록 ····························································193
<표 Ⅱ-1> 다차원적 불평등의 두 가지 형태 ·························································14
<표 Ⅱ-2> 설문조사 내용 세부 항목 ····································································24
<표 Ⅱ-3> 응답자 특성별 빈곤문제 심각성 인식 차이 ··········································29
<표 Ⅱ-4> 응답자 특성별 빈곤 문제 원인 인식 차이 ············································30
<표 Ⅱ-5> 응답자 특성별 사회계층 불평등 수준 인식 차이 ································31
<표 Ⅱ-6> 응답자 특성별 사회불평등 원인 인식 차이(중복응답 기준) ·················33
<표 Ⅱ-7> 응답자 특성별 양극화 현상 심각성 인식 차이 ·····································34
<표 Ⅱ-8> 응답자 특성별 양극화 완화방안 차이 분포 ··········································36
<표 Ⅲ-1> 한국노동패널의 전국 및 부산광역시 사례수 ······································46
<표 Ⅲ-2> 부산시 평균가구소득 및 중위가구소득 추이 (실질소득1), 년, 만원) ···50
<표 Ⅲ-3> 부산시 10분위 평균가구소득 추이(실질소득1), 년, 만원) ····················51
<표 Ⅲ-4> 부산시 5분위 평균가구소득 추이(실질소득1), 년, 만원) ······················51
<표 Ⅲ-5> 부산시 절대빈곤율 추이(실질소득1), %) ············································53
<표 Ⅲ-6> 부산시 상대빈곤율 추이(%) ·······························································54
<표 Ⅲ-7> 부산시 소득불평등(Gini 계수) 추이(실질균등화소득1)) ·····················56
<표 Ⅲ-8> 부산시 소득 5분위배율 및 10분위배율 추이(연평균가구 실질소득1)) 58
<표 Ⅲ-9> Wolfson 지수로 본 부산시 소득양극화 추이(실질균등화소득1)) ·······60
<표 Ⅳ-1> 교육격차, 교육 불평등, 교육 양극화의 개념 비교 ·······························72
<표 Ⅳ-2> 교육단계별 GDP 대비 공교육비 구성(2013) ······································73
<표 Ⅳ-3> 학력에 따른 평생교육(학습) 참여율의 차이 ········································80
<표 Ⅳ-4> 응답자의 학력에 따른 사교육비의 가계 부담 정도의 차이 ··················84
<표 Ⅳ-5> 응답자의 학력에 따른 가구당 월 평균 사교육비의 차이 ······················88
<표 Ⅳ-6> 학력에 따른 거주지역의 교육환경 인식의 차이 ···································88
<표 Ⅳ-7> 월 가구소득에 따른 평생교육(학습) 참여율의 차이 ····························91
<표 Ⅳ-8> 응답자의 월 가구소득에 따른 사교육비의 가계 부담 정도의 차이 ·······95
<표 Ⅳ-9> 응답자의 월 가구소득별 월 평균 사교육비의 차이 ····························100
<표 Ⅳ-10> 응답자의 학력에 따른 거주지역의 교육환경 인식의 차이 ···············101
<표 Ⅳ-11> 응답자의 학력에 따른 계층간 불평등 해소에 있어서 교육수준
도움 차이 ·······················································································102
<표 Ⅳ-12> 응답자의 가구소득에 따른 계층간 불평등 해소에 있어서 교육수준
도움 차이 ·······················································································103
<표 Ⅴ-1> 문화활동 만족도 응답자별 특성 ························································113
<표 Ⅴ-2> 응답자 특성별 통계적 차이 검증 ······················································114
<표 Ⅴ-3> 문화활동 불만족 이유 응답자별 특성 ·················································116
<표 Ⅴ-4> 생활에서 문화의 중요성 응답자별 특성 ············································118
<표 Ⅴ-5> 가구소득별 문화예술행사 관람률 격차(2010-2015) ··························126
<표 Ⅴ-6> 부산시 문화 격차 해소 사업 추진 현황(2015) ···································139
<표 Ⅴ-7> 부산문화재단 문화 격차 해소 사업 추진 현황(2015) ························141
<표 Ⅵ-1> 시도별 흡연율 추이 ···········································································151
<표 Ⅵ-2> 시도별 음주율 추이 ···········································································152
<표 Ⅵ-3> 사망률 추이(인구 10만명당 사망자수) ··············································152
<표 Ⅵ-4> 응답자 특성별 주관적 건강수준 인식 차이 ········································154
<표 Ⅵ-5> 가구원 중 만성질환자 여부 ·······························································155
<표 Ⅵ-6> 응답자 특성별 건강관리 정도 차이 ···················································156
<표 Ⅵ-7> 건강관리 여부 및 건강관리 방법 ·······················································157
<표 Ⅵ-8> 응답자 특성별 건강관리/유지 방법의 차이 ·······································159
<표 Ⅵ-9> 운동하는 부산시민 비율 ····································································160
<표 Ⅵ-10> 운동시 이용시설(공간) ····································································160
<표 Ⅵ-11> 응답자 특성별 건강유지/관리 비용 지출 차이 ·································161
<표 Ⅵ-12> 응답자 특성별 건강 위해요소 인식도 차이 ······································163
<표 Ⅵ-13> 응답자 특성별 건강 위협요인 인식 차이 ·········································164
<표 Ⅵ-14> 응답자 특성별 건강의 사회경제활동 제약 정도 차이 ······················167
<표 Ⅵ-15> 건강 불평등 해소를 위한 정책과제 ·················································170
<그림 Ⅱ-1> 불평등 및 양극화 이해의 기본프레임 ··············································15
<그림 Ⅱ-2> 빈곤율 추이 ·····················································································16
<그림 Ⅱ-3> 지니계수로 본 소득불평등 추이: 가처분소득 ···································19
<그림 Ⅱ-4> 가구소득 지니계수 추이 (도시가구) ················································20
<그림 Ⅱ-5> 소비양극화지수 변화 추이 ·······························································22
<그림 Ⅱ-6> 연령대별 응답자 구성 ······································································25
<그림 Ⅱ-7> 학력별 응답자 구성 ·········································································25
<그림 Ⅱ-8> 직업별 응답자 구성 ·········································································26
<그림 Ⅱ-9> 월평균 총가구소득별 응답자 구성 ···················································26
<그림 Ⅱ-10> 거주지별 응답자 구성 ····································································27
<그림 Ⅱ-11> 가구원 수별 ··················································································27
<그림 Ⅱ-12> 소득있는 가구원 수별 응답자 구성 ················································27
<그림 Ⅱ-13> 빈곤문제의 심각성 인식 분포 ························································28
<그림 Ⅱ-14> 빈곤 문제의 원인에 대한 인식 분포 ···············································29
<그림 Ⅱ-15> 사회불평등의 심각성 인식 분포 ····················································31
<그림 Ⅱ-16> 사회불평등의 원인에 대한 인식 분포 ············································32
<그림 Ⅱ-17> 양극화 현상의 심각성 인식 분포 ··················································34
<그림 Ⅱ-18> 계층 간 양극화 완화방안에 대한 응답 분포 ···································35
<그림 Ⅲ-1> 부산시 절대빈곤율 추이(실질소득 2000=100, %) ··························53
<그림 Ⅲ-2> 부산시 상대빈곤율 추이(%) ····························································55
<그림 Ⅲ-3> 부산시 소득불평등(Gini 계수) 추이(실질균등화소득) ···················57
<그림 Ⅲ-4> 부산시 소득10분위배율 추이(연평균가구 실질소득) ·······················58
<그림 Ⅲ-5> 부산시 소득5분위배율 추이(연평균가구 실질소득) ························59
<그림 Ⅲ-6> Wolfson 지수로 본 부산시 소득양극화 추이(실질균등화소득) ·······60
<그림 Ⅳ-1> 평생교육 이수 희망 여부 비교 ·························································75
<그림 Ⅳ-2> 선호하는 평생교육 이수 방법 비교 ··················································76
<그림 Ⅳ-3> 교육비 부담에 대한 인식 비교 ·························································77
<그림 Ⅳ-4> 교육비 부담 요인 비교 ····································································78
<그림 Ⅳ-5> 가구당 월 평균 사교육비 비교 ·························································79
<그림 Ⅳ-6> 타 지역 대비 거주지역의 교육환경에 대한 인식수준 ·······················79
<그림 Ⅳ-7> 교육수준별 평생교육 이수 희망 여부(2011) ····································81
<그림 Ⅳ-8> 교육수준별 평생교육 이수 희망 여부(2013) ····································81
<그림 Ⅳ-10> 교육수준별 평생교육 이수 방안(2013) ··········································82
<그림 Ⅳ-9> 교육수준별 평생교육 이수 방안(2011) ············································82
<그림 Ⅳ-11> 교육수준별 교육비 부담에 대한 인식(2011) ··································83
<그림 Ⅳ-12> 교육수준별 교육비 부담에 대한 인식(2013) ··································84
<그림 Ⅳ-13> 교육수준별 교육비 부담 요인(2011) ·············································85
<그림 Ⅳ-14> 교육수준별 교육비 부담 요인(2013) ·············································86
<그림 Ⅳ-15> 교육수준별 가구당 월 평균 사교육비(2011) ··································86
<그림 Ⅳ-16> 교육수준별 가구당 월 평균 사교육비(2013) ··································87
<그림 Ⅳ-17> 가구소득별 평생교육 이수 희망 여부(2011) ··································89
<그림 Ⅳ-18> 가구소득별 평생교육 이수 희망 여부 비교(2013) ·························90
<그림 Ⅳ-19> 가구소득별 평생교육 이수 방안(2011) ··········································92
<그림 Ⅳ-20> 가구소득별 평생교육 이수 방안(2013) ··········································93
<그림 Ⅳ-21> 가구소득별 교육비 부담에 대한 인식(2011) ··································94
<그림 Ⅳ-22> 가구소득별 교육비 부담에 대한 인식(2013) ··································95
<그림 Ⅳ-23> 가구소득별 교육비 부담 요인(2011) ·············································96
<그림 Ⅳ-24> 가구소득별 교육비 부담 요인(2013) ·············································97
<그림 Ⅳ-25> 가구소득별 가구당 월 평균 사교육비 비교(2011) ·························99
<그림 Ⅳ-26> 가구소득별 가구당 월 평균 사교육비 비교(2013) ·························99
<그림 Ⅴ-1> 문화활동 만족도 ············································································112
<그림 Ⅴ-2> 문화활동 불만족 이유 ····································································115
<그림 Ⅴ-3> 생활에서 문화의 중요성 ································································117
<그림 Ⅴ-4> 문화예술 관람률 변화(전체 응답) ··················································119
<그림 Ⅴ-5> 문화예술 관람률 변화(장르별) ······················································120
<그림 Ⅴ-6> 교육수준별 문화예술 관람률 격차(2010-2015) ·····························121
<그림 Ⅴ-7> 교육수준 및 문화예술 장르(미술) 관람률 격차 ······························122
<그림 Ⅴ-8> 교육수준 및 문화예술 장르(클래식 음악회 · 오페라) 관람률 격차 ··122
<그림 Ⅴ-9> 교육수준 및 문화예술 장르(연극) 관람률 격차 ······························123
<그림 Ⅴ-10> 교육수준 및 문화예술 장르(무용) 관람률 격차 ····························124
<그림 Ⅴ-11> 교육수준 및 문화예술 장르(영화) 관람률 격차 ····························124
<그림 Ⅴ-12> 가구소득별 문화예술행사 관람률 격차(2010-2015) ····················125
<그림 Ⅴ-13> 가구소득 및 문화예술 장르(미술) 관람률 격차 ····························127
<그림 Ⅴ-14> 가구소득 및 문화예술 장르(클래식 음악회·오페라) 관람률 격차 128
<그림 Ⅴ-15> 가구소득 및 문화예술 장르(연극) 관람률 격차 ····························128
<그림 Ⅴ-16> 가구소득 및 문화예술 장르(무용) 관람률 격차 ····························129
<그림 Ⅴ-17> 가구소득 및 문화예술 장르(영화) 관람률 격차 ····························129
<그림 Ⅴ-18> 교육수준별 가족들과 여가활용 빈도 변화(초졸 이하) ·················130
<그림 Ⅴ-19> 교육수준별 가족들과 여가활용 빈도 변화(대졸 이상) ·················131
<그림 Ⅴ-20> 가구소득별 가족들과 여가활용 빈도 변화(100만원 미만) ···········132
<그림 Ⅴ-21> 가구소득별 가족들과 여가활용 빈도 변화(500만원 이상) ···········133
<그림 Ⅴ-22> 교육수준별 여가생활 만족도 ·······················································134
<그림 Ⅴ-23> 가구소득별 여가생활 만족도 ·······················································134
<그림 Ⅴ-24> 교육수준별 여가생활 불만족 사유 ···············································135
<그림 Ⅴ-25> 가구소득별 여가생활 불만족 사유 ···············································136
<그림 Ⅴ-26> 교육수준별 삶에 대한 만족감, 정서 경험, 삶의 전반적 만족도 ····137
<그림 Ⅴ-27> 가구소득별 삶에 대한 만족감, 정서 경험, 삶의 전반적 만족도 ····138
<그림 Ⅴ-28> 부산시 문화 격차 해소 사업 추진 현황(2015) ·····························140
<그림 Ⅴ-29> 부산문화재단 문화 격차 해소 사업 추진 현황(2015) ···················141
<그림 Ⅵ-1> 수준별 건강불평등 영향요인 ·························································150
<그림 Ⅵ-2> 주관적 건강수준 인식 분포 ···························································153
<그림 Ⅵ-3> 가구원 중 만성질환자 진료 및 치료비용 ········································155
<그림 Ⅵ-4> 건강관리를 위한 노력 정도 ···························································156
<그림 Ⅵ-5> 건강유지/관리 실천방법 구성 ·······················································158
<그림 Ⅵ-6> 월평균 지출 건강유지/관리 비용 분포 ···········································161
<그림 Ⅵ-7> 건강 위해 요인 노출 정도에 대한 인식 ··········································162
<그림 Ⅵ-8> 건강 위협요인 ···············································································164
<그림 Ⅵ-9> 건강으로 인한 사회·경제적 활동 제약 정도 ·································165
