Ⅰ. 서론
1. 연구의 배경 및 목적 ···································································· 3
2. 연구 범위 및 연구방법 ································································ 7
Ⅱ. 외국인주민 사회통합에 관한 이론적 배경
1. 외국인주민 사회통합 논의의 등장 ··········································· 11
2. 외국인주민 사회통합 개념의 정립 ··········································· 19
3. 분석틀 ··························································································· 44
Ⅲ. 부산시 실태 및 국내·외 사례연구
1. 부산시 외국인주민 지원 실태 ··················································· 49
2. 국내·외 지자체 사례연구 ··························································· 72
Ⅳ. 빅데이터 분석, 면접조사, 실태조사
1. 외국인주민 관련 뉴스 빅데이터 분석 ······································ 95
2. 심층면접Ⅰ: 한국인 관계자 ··················································· 118
3. 그룹면접Ⅰ·Ⅱ: 외국인주민 관계자 ······································· 172
4. 심층면접Ⅱ: 외국인주민 관계자 ············································ 236
5. 부산지역 대학의 유학생 사회통합 실태조사 ························ 253
Ⅴ. 부산시 외국인주민 사회통합을 위한 정책 방안
1. 기본방향 설정 및 비전 확립 ··················································· 281
2. 사회적 포용성 제고 방안 ······················································ 291
3. 다양성의 조화 추구 방안 ························································ 301
4. 사회적 화합(결속) 촉진 방안 ·················································· 307
Ⅵ. 결론 및 정책제언
1. 결론 ···························································································· 315
2. 정책제언 ····················································································· 320
Abstract 323
참고문헌 325
부록 337
<표 Ⅰ-1> 전국 시·도별 외국인주민 현황 ················································ 6
<표 Ⅱ-1> 부산시 외국인주민 현황 ························································ 14
<표 Ⅱ-2> 부산시 구·군별 외국인주민 현황 ·········································· 15
<표 Ⅱ-3> 선행연구에서의 사회통합의 개념적 정의 ···························· 20
<표 Ⅱ-4> 사회통합 관련 세 용어의 개념적 특성 및 키워드 ············· 25
<표 Ⅱ-5> 외국인주민 사회통합의 기본조건 및 구성요소 ··················· 43
<표 Ⅲ-1> 부산지역 지자체 외국인주민 지원 등 관련 조례 현황 ········· 50
<표 Ⅲ-2> 부산시 외국인주민 지원 관련 이해관계자 ·························· 52
<표 Ⅲ-3> 부산시 외국인주민 지원 위임·공동사업 ······························ 54
<표 Ⅲ-4> 부산시 외국인주민 지원 자체사업 ······································· 55
<표 Ⅲ-5> 부산시 외국인주민 지원 위탁사업 ······································· 56
<표 Ⅲ-6> 자치구·군 외국인주민 지원 사업 ·········································· 58
<표 Ⅲ-7> 외국인주민 지원 사업(2016) ················································· 59
<표 Ⅲ-8> 외국인주민 지원 사업(2016) ················································· 60
<표 Ⅲ-9> 외국인주민 지원 사업(2016) ················································· 61
<표 Ⅲ-10> 외국인주민 지원 사업(2016) ··············································· 62
<표 Ⅲ-11> 부산문화재단 문화다양성 주요사업(2015) : 무지개다리 다섯손가락 ········· 63
<표 Ⅲ-12> 부산문화재단 문화다양성 예산액: 무지개다리 다섯손가락 ········ 63
<표 Ⅲ-13> 부산문화재단 문화다양성 주요사업(2016) : 공감메이커 ········· 64
<표 Ⅲ-14> 부산광역시교육청 주요사업 ················································· 65
<표 Ⅲ-15> 부산지방경찰청 주요사업 ···················································· 66
<표 Ⅲ-16> 부산지방고용노동청 주요사업 ············································· 66
<표 Ⅲ-17> 부산출입국관리사무소 주요사업 ········································· 67
<표 Ⅲ-18> (사)삼산거주외국인지원협회 주요사업 ······························· 67
<표 Ⅲ-19> 네덜란드 이주민 구성 ·························································· 74
<표 Ⅲ-20> 에센시 이주민 구성 ······························································ 77
<표 Ⅲ-21> 가와사키시 외국인주민 현황 ··············································· 80
<표 Ⅲ-22> 서울특별시 외국인주민 현황 ··············································· 85
<표 Ⅲ-23> 경기도 외국인주민 현황 ······················································ 87
<표 Ⅲ-24> 경상남도 외국인주민 구성(외국인주민 수 1, 2위 시 추가) ········· 89
<표 Ⅲ-25> 김해시의 외국인주민 지원 대표 기관(예) ························· 90
<표 Ⅳ-1> 키워드 트렌드 분석 결과(1990∼2016) ······························· 96
<표 Ⅳ-2> 심층면접 대상자 특성(한국인) ············································ 119
<표 Ⅳ-3> 심층면접 조사지(내국인용) 구성 ········································ 120
<표 Ⅳ-4> 우리나라의 다문화사회 진입에 대한 견해 ························ 122
<표 Ⅳ-5> 외국인주민의 사회통합을 위한 공공부문의 우선과제 ····· 124
<표 Ⅳ-6> 외국인주민 대상 차별행위나 인식 존재의 원인 ·············· 126
<표 Ⅳ-7> 외국인주민 차별배제를 위해 우선적으로 필요한 것 ······· 127
<표 Ⅳ-8> 사회통합 차원에서 외국인주민의 참정권 확대에 대한 견해/이유······· 128
<표 Ⅳ-9> 한국사회에서 외국인주민의 인권신장 방안 ······················ 129
<표 Ⅳ-10> 교육/평생교육 기회 부여 차원에서 필요한 지원 ·········· 130
<표 Ⅳ-11> 동일 조건 하에서 내·외국인 중 우선 채용하는 사람과 그 이유······ 131
<표 Ⅳ-12> 취업을 위해 외국인주민 본인에게 반드시 필요한 것 ······· 131
<표 Ⅳ-13> 외국인주민의 취업을 위해 외부에서 반드시 필요한 지원········ 132
<표 Ⅳ-14> 외국인주민 공직 진출 기회 확대에 대한 생각/이유 ······· 133
<표 Ⅳ-15> 외국인주민 증가로 인한 주거환경의 우려사항/이유 ······· 134
<표 Ⅳ-16> 지역주민 전체의 생활상의 안전확보를 위해 우선 지원할 서비스········ 135
<표 Ⅳ-17> 외국인주민의 의료/보건서비스 강화를 위한 지원 방안 ······· 136
<표 Ⅳ-18> 외국인주민 대상 혐오발언 혹은 폭행의 원인 ················ 137
<표 Ⅳ-19> 외국인주민 대상 혐오발언이나 폭행의 근절 방안 ········· 138
<표 Ⅳ-20> 평소 부산시민이 외국인주민을 대하는 태도/인식 ········ 139
<표 Ⅳ-21> 외국인주민의 자국문화 소개, 차이 이해 활동의 수용 이유······· 140
<표 Ⅳ-22> 다문화(이해)교육의 대상에 대한 의견 ····························· 141
<표 Ⅳ-23> 다문화(이해)교육의 이해도 제고 방안 ····························· 142
<표 Ⅳ-24> 외국인주민에게 도움이 되는 서비스 ······························· 143
<표 Ⅳ-25> 외국인주민에게 별로 도움이 안 되는 서비스 ················ 144
<표 Ⅳ-26> 외국인주민이 한국문화 적응을 위해 우선적으로 학습해야 할 사항········ 144
<표 Ⅳ-27> 외국인주민이 주지해야 할 한국문화의 우수성 및 소개사항······· 145
<표 Ⅳ-28> 향후 사회통합프로그램 운용의 방향 ······························· 146
<표 Ⅳ-29> 내·외국인주민의 자조조직 등에의 가입/후원 확대 방안 · 147
<표 Ⅳ-30> 내·외국인주민 자조조직 간 고유 프로그램 교류 확대 방안······· 148
<표 Ⅳ-31> 문화교류의 장 홍보 및 참여 확대 방안 ························· 149
<표 Ⅳ-32> 외국인주민의 공공부문 신뢰도 제고 방안 ······················ 150
<표 Ⅳ-33> 외국인주민의 신뢰도 제고를 위한 개선사항(외국인주민 입장) ········· 151
<표 Ⅳ-34> 외국인주민에 대한 신뢰도 제고를 위한 개선사항(한국인 입장) ········· 152
<표 Ⅳ-35> 외국인주민에 대한 법·제도 집행의 공정성에 대한 견해 및 이유········ 153
<표 Ⅳ-36> 외국인주민에 대한 법·제도 집행 공정성 확보를 위한 개선사항········ 153
<표 Ⅳ-37> 외국인주민의 애착심/자부심을 함양을 위해 가장 필요한 것········· 154
<표 Ⅳ-38> 외국인주민의 지역사회 참여도 제고에 필요한 것 또는 해결과제········ 155
<표 Ⅳ-39> 외국인주민과 만나서 주로 하는 것 ································· 156
<표 Ⅳ-40> 재난/재해 시 외국인주민을 돕겠다고 생각하는 이유 ······ 157
<표 Ⅳ-41> 외국인주민과 관련 있는 자발적 자조조직 등 참여의향 및 이유······ 158
<표 Ⅳ-42> 외국인주민 지원활동에 대한 참여의향 및 이유 ············ 159
<표 Ⅳ-43> 외국인주민 지원 활동 등에의 참여의향 제고에 필요한 것········ 159
<표 Ⅳ-44> 외국인주민의 정책과정에의 참여 확대 방안 ················ 161
<표 Ⅳ-45> 한국인 관계자 심층면접 ‘일반사항’ 관련 요약 ·············· 162
<표 Ⅳ-46> 한국인 관계자 심층면접 ‘사회적 포용성’ 차원 관련 요약······· 168
<표 Ⅳ-47> 한국인 관계자 심층면접 ‘다양성의 조화’ 차원 관련 요약······· 169
<표 Ⅳ-48> 한국인 관계자 심층면접 ‘사회적 화합(결속)’ 차원 관련 요약········ 170
<표 Ⅳ-49> 외국인주민 그룹면접 대상자의 특성 ······························· 173
<표 Ⅳ-50> 그룹면접 조사지(외국인주민용)의 구성 ··························· 175
<표 Ⅳ-51> 각 주체별 사회통합 노력 정도 및 협업 정도 ················ 179
<표 Ⅳ-52> 외국인주민 사회통합을 위한 개선 노력(요구사항) ········ 180
<표 Ⅳ-53> 차별을 없애기 위해 우선적으로 필요한 것 ···················· 182
<표 Ⅳ-54> 참정권 확대에 대한 견해 및 이유 ··································· 183
<표 Ⅳ-55> 외국인주민의 올바른 참정권 이행 방법 ·························· 184
<표 Ⅳ-56> 인권침해 경험 유형 및 내용 ············································ 184
<표 Ⅳ-57> 외국인주민의 인권보장(신장)을 위해 필요한 노력 ········ 185
<표 Ⅳ-58> 인권침해 실태의 체계적 정리 방법 ································· 186
<표 Ⅳ-59> 기회의 균등 정도 ······························································· 187
<표 Ⅳ-60> 교육/평생교육 기회 보장을 위한 희망사항 ···················· 187
<표 Ⅳ-61> 취업·고용 기회 보장을 위한 희망사항 ···························· 188
<표 Ⅳ-62> 공직 진출 기회 보장을 위한 희망사항 ··························· 189
<표 Ⅳ-63> 주거환경 불편사항 ····························································· 190
<표 Ⅳ-64> 주거환경 희망사항 ····························································· 190
<표 Ⅳ-65> 주거환경 불편사항의 체계적 정리방법 ··························· 191
<표 Ⅳ-66> 가족생활 및 양육 관련 필요 지원 ··································· 191
<표 Ⅳ-67> 의료기관 이용 시 가장 불편한 점 ··································· 192
<표 Ⅳ-68> 혐오발언/물리적 폭행 경험 사례 ····································· 193
<표 Ⅳ-69> 혐오발언/물리적 폭행 경험 시의 대응 ··························· 193
<표 Ⅳ-70> 혐오발언, 폭행 경험 시 현명한 대응방안 ······················ 194
<표 Ⅳ-71> 혐오발언, 폭행 예방 방안 ················································· 194
<표 Ⅳ-72> 부산시민의 외국인주민에 대한 태도/인식 ······················ 195
<표 Ⅳ-73> 외국인주민 모국문화 인정을 위한 쌍방 간의 대응 ········· 196
<표 Ⅳ-74> 자국 문화 소개 및 차이 이해 활동 전개 ······················· 196
<표 Ⅳ-75> 자국 문화 소개 및 차이 이해 활동 전개 시 필요한 지원······· 197
<표 Ⅳ-76> 한국인에 대한 다문화이해교육의 이해도 증진 방안 ········· 198
<표 Ⅳ-77> 한국문화 적응을 위해 학습한 것 ····································· 199
<표 Ⅳ-78> 한국문화 학습에 있어서 개선사항 ··································· 200
<표 Ⅳ-79> 한국문화의 우수성 ····························································· 201
<표 Ⅳ-80> 한국문화의 우수성 소개방법 ············································ 201
<표 Ⅳ-81> 사회통합 프로그램 운용상의 개선점 ······························· 202
<표 Ⅳ-82> 외국인주민이 만든 자조조직의 종류 ······························· 203
<표 Ⅳ-83> 외국인주민 자조조직의 홍보 안내 경험 유무 및 개선방법······· 204
<표 Ⅳ-84> 자국민이 만든 것을 제외하고 가입한 자조조직 ············ 204
<표 Ⅳ-85> 자조조직 상호가입 확대 방안 ··········································· 205
<표 Ⅳ-86> 자조조직 가입 시 특정 장애요인 ····································· 205
<표 Ⅳ-87> 자조조직 활동 및 상호가입 확대 위한 부산시의 지원 ········ 206
<표 Ⅳ-88> 자조조직 간 고유 프로그램 교류 확대 방안 ·················· 207
<표 Ⅳ-89> 참여한 문화교류의 장의 종류 ··········································· 207
<표 Ⅳ-90> 문화교류의 장에 내·외국인주민의 참여 확대 방안 ······· 208
<표 Ⅳ-91> 문화교류의 장에 참여한 소감(긍정/부정) ······················· 208
<표 Ⅳ-92> 문화교류의 장에 있어서 개선사항 ··································· 208
<표 Ⅳ-93> 분야별 신뢰수준 측정 ························································ 209
<표 Ⅳ-94> 분야별 신뢰도가 낮은 이유 ·············································· 210
<표 Ⅳ-95> 대상별 신뢰도 향상 방안 ·················································· 211
<표 Ⅳ-96> 외국인주민이 부산에 애착심이나 자부심을 느끼는 때 ········ 212
<표 Ⅳ-97> 외국인주민이 부산을 떠나고 싶을 때 ····························· 212
<표 Ⅳ-98> 외국인주민이 부산을 떠나고 싶지만 안 떠나는 이유 ········· 212
<표 Ⅳ-99> 지역사회에 대한 애착심/자부심을 갖도록 하는 데 필요한 지원······ 213
<표 Ⅳ-100> 모임이나 행사 참여 동기 ················································ 213
<표 Ⅳ-101> 지역사회 모임·행사에 자주 참여 못 하는 이유 ··········· 214
<표 Ⅳ-102> 지역사회 모임이나 행사 참여 후 소감 ························· 214
<표 Ⅳ-103> 참여도 제고를 위해 가장 필요한 것 ····························· 215
<표 Ⅳ-104> 지인 등을 만나면 주로 하는 활동 ································· 215
<표 Ⅳ-105> 여유시간에 지인 등을 안 만나면 하는 일 ···················· 216
<표 Ⅳ-106> 여유시간에 지인 등을 만나는데 방해요인 ···················· 216
<표 Ⅳ-107> 지인 만나는 데 방해요인 해결을 위한 지원 ················ 216
<표 Ⅳ-108> SNS 이용 목적 ································································· 217
<표 Ⅳ-109> 사회통합을 촉진하기 위한 바람직한 SNS 이용방법 ········ 217
<표 Ⅳ-110> 누구라도 도와야 하는 이유 ············································ 218
<표 Ⅳ-111> 자발적 자조조직 및 시민단체/자원봉사활동에 참여할 생각··········· 218
<표 Ⅳ-112> 참여하고 싶은 활동 분야 ················································ 219
<표 Ⅳ-113> 참여 의향이 없거나 참여가 곤란한 이유 ····················· 219
<표 Ⅳ-114> 외국인주민의 사회참여 확대를 위한 부산시의 지원············· 220
<표 Ⅳ-115> 정책과정에의 참여 방법(희망사항) ································ 220
<표 Ⅳ-116> 정책과정 참여 확대를 위해 가장 필요한 것 ················ 221
<표 Ⅳ-117> 외국인주민 관계자 그룹면접 ‘일반사항’ 관련 요약 ············ 222
<표 Ⅳ-118> 외국인주민 관계자 그룹면접 ‘사회적 포용성’ 차원 관련 요약··········· 225
<표 Ⅳ-119> 외국인주민 관계자 그룹면접 ‘다양성의 조화’ 차원 관련 요약··········· 228
<표 Ⅳ-120> 외국인주민 관계자 그룹면접 ‘사회적 화합(결속)’ 차원 관련 요약············· 231
<표 Ⅳ-121> 외국인주민 심층면접 대상자의 특성(2차 그룹면접 대상자 포함) ·············· 237
<표 Ⅳ-122> 심층면접 조사지(외국인주민용) 구성 ····························· 238
<표 Ⅳ-123> 외국인주민의 응답자 특성 ·············································· 239
<표 Ⅳ-124> 차별배제를 위한 우선 해결과제 ····································· 240
<표 Ⅳ-125> 균등한 기회 제공을 위한 우선 해결과제 ····················· 241
<표 Ⅳ-126> 안전 확보를 위한 우선 해결과제 ··································· 241
<표 Ⅳ-127> 사회적 포용성 차원의 사회통합을 위한 우선 해결과제············ 242
<표 Ⅳ-128> 부산시민의 외국문화 인정을 위한 우선 해결과제 ············· 242
<표 Ⅳ-129> 외국인주민의 한국문화 적응을 위한 우선 해결과제··············· 243
<표 Ⅳ-130> 상호 문화교류 활성화를 위한 우선 해결과제 ·············· 243
<표 Ⅳ-131> 다양성의 조화 차원에서 사회통합을 위한 우선 해결과제············· 244
<표 Ⅳ-132> 신뢰도 제고를 위한 우선 해결과제 ······························· 245
<표 Ⅳ-133> 소속감 함양을 위한 우선 해결과제 ······························· 245
<표 Ⅳ-134> 협력의지 강화를 위한 우선 해결과제 ··························· 246
<표 Ⅳ-135> 사회적 화합 차원에서 외국인주민 사회통합을 위한 우선 관심사항 ········· 246
<표 Ⅳ-136> 외국인주민 사회통합을 위한 우선 해결과제 ················ 247
<표 Ⅳ-137> 외국인주민 사회통합을 위한 우선 해결과제(요약) ·········· 250
<표 Ⅳ-138> 부산지역 대학의 유학생 사회통합 실태조사 질문지 구성············ 254
<표 Ⅳ-139> 대학별 유학생 수 현황 ···················································· 256
<표 Ⅳ-140> 부산지역 외국인 유학생 수(국적별) ······························ 257
<표 Ⅳ-141> 대학별 외국인 유학생의 출신국가 수 현황 ·················· 258
<표 Ⅳ-142> 외국인 유학생 차별방지장치 유무 ································· 259
<표 Ⅳ-143> 외국인 유학생의 교내 참정권 부여 여부 ····················· 259
<표 Ⅳ-144> 외국인 유학생 관련업무 전담부서 설치 실태 ·············· 260
<표 Ⅳ-145> 외국인 유학생 학비 등 지원제도 현황 ························· 261
<표 Ⅳ-146> 외국인 유학생에 대한 진로지원 방법 ··························· 263
<표 Ⅳ-147> 외국인 유학생 주거지원제도 현황 ································· 264
<표 Ⅳ-148> 외국인 유학생 대상 상해보험 가입 여부 ····················· 264
<표 Ⅳ-149> 소수민족을 위한 특별한 공간의 존재 유무 ·················· 265
<표 Ⅳ-150> 학생 전체를 대상으로 하는 다문화교육 강좌 개설 여부······· 265
<표 Ⅳ-151> 외국인 유학생 생활 적응을 위한 지원제도 현황··················· 266
<표 Ⅳ-152> 외국인 유학생 전용 교육(강좌) 관련 지원제도 현황·············· 267
<표 Ⅳ-153> 외국인 유학생 커뮤니티 등록 현황 ······························· 268
<표 Ⅳ-154> 각 대학별 외국인 유학생 커뮤니티 등록 현황 ············ 268
<표 Ⅳ-155> 외국인 유학생 커뮤니티 지원제도 현황 ······················· 269
<표 Ⅳ-156> 대학 간 외국인 유학생 교류 지원제도 현황 ················ 270
<표 Ⅳ-157> 외국인 유학생과 지역사회 간 연계 관련 지원제도 현황··········· 270
<표 Ⅳ-158> 외국인 유학생 사회통합을 위해 부산시 등의 지원이 필요한 사항······· 271
<표 Ⅳ-159> 부산지역 대학 외국인 유학생 사회통합 실태조사 요약·········· 274
<표 Ⅴ-1> 부산시 외국인주민 사회통합을 위한 정책 방안 ·············· 288
<표 Ⅴ-2> 부산광역시 인권 보장 및 증진에 관한 조례 개정(안) 전후 비교········ 293
<표 Ⅴ-3> 경기도 외국인근로자 고용사업장 환경개선 사업(예) ··········· 297
<표 Ⅴ-4> 대상에 따른 다문화(이해)교육의 방향(프랑스의 사례) ·········· 305
<표 Ⅴ-5> (가칭)지역사회통합 꾸러미 속 콘텐츠(안) ························· 308
<그림 Ⅰ-1> 연구의 흐름 ··········································································· 8
<그림 Ⅱ-1> 연구의 분석틀 ····································································· 44
<그림 Ⅲ-1> 부산시 외국인주민 지원 비전 및 정책목표 ···················· 53
<그림 Ⅲ-2> 지원 대상별 사업 예산 비중(2016) ·································· 68
<그림 Ⅲ-3> 지원 대상별 사업 예산 변화 추이(2013~2016) ·············· 68
<그림 Ⅲ-4> 외국인주민 지원 사업별 예산 비중(2016) ······················· 70
<그림 Ⅲ-5> 부산시 외국인주민 지원 관련 정책 SWOT 분석 ··········· 71
<그림 Ⅲ-6> 가와사키시 다문화공생사회 추진 지침 ···························· 82
<그림 Ⅲ-7> 안산시 다문화공생 사회 추진 지침 ·································· 88
<그림 Ⅳ-1> 키워드 트렌드 분석 결과(1990∼2016) ··························· 97
<그림 Ⅳ-2> 키워드 트렌드 분석 결과(1990∼2016) ··························· 98
<그림 Ⅳ-3> ‘외국인주민’ 관련 키워드의 워드 클라우드 분석 결과(2006∼2016) ······ 113
<그림 Ⅳ-4> ‘외국인주민’을 키워드로 한 워드 클라우드 분석 결과(2006∼2016) ······ 114
<그림 Ⅳ-5> ‘부산 외국인주민’을 키워드로 한 워드 클라우드 분석 결과(2006∼2016) ······ 116
<그림 Ⅳ-6> ‘외국인주민 사회통합’을 키워드로 한 워드 클라우드 분석 결과(2006∼2016) ····· 117
<그림 Ⅴ-1> 외국인주민 사회통합을 위한 거버넌스 체계 구축 ······· 284
<그림 Ⅴ-2> 부산시 외국인주민 사회통합 비전(안) ··························· 287
